Negotiation And The Gender Divide - 1768 Words

Carmen Peton Dr. McClintock-Comeaux WST 200 – W01 November 23, 2016 Women Don t Ask: Negotiation and the Gender Divide Linda Babcock and Sara Laschever Women Don t Ask: Negotiation and the Gender Divide is an informational book great for males and females. This book is overflowing with statistics and studies done on men and women, and how gender influences whether or not they negotiate. It provides real life examples of negotiation differences between the genders. The authors also give solutions, and tries to push women to start asking for what they want and need. Women today are expected to play so many different roles than in the past. Women are now bosses, coworkers, wives, and mothers, taking part in the work force more than ever before. Many women also have to support their family alone due to the 40-50 percent divorce rate. (Babcock, Linda, and Sara Laschever. Preface. Women Don t Ask: Negotiation and the Gender Divide. Princeton, 2003. IX-XIII. Print.) While Linda Babcock was the director of the Ph.D. program at her school, she was approached by a group of concerned female graduate students. They explained that the male graduate students were teaching their own courses, while the female students were assigned as teaching assistants to other professors. When Babcock questioned the dean who dealt with the teaching assignments, the dean replied, More men ask. The women just don t ask. This inspired Babcock to conduct a study on the starting salaries ofShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Gender And Career Choice978 Words   |  4 PagesSHARMA STUDENT ID: 1687816 PRATICAL: 9 DRAFT: 1 APRIL 11, 2015 RESEARCH ESSAY (THE ROLE OF GENDER IN CAREER CHOICE) THE ROLE OF GENDER IN CARRIER CHOICE Career choice is the selection of path by males or females in order to gain success in their life.The selection of a profession is often done by parental guidance, vocational counselling and training opportunities. There is a cultural belief that gender plays an important role in the option of occupation and one question occurs on this idea thatRead MoreA Brief Note On Conflict Management And Negotiation1583 Words   |  7 PagesOption 2: Exploring Negotiations - Gender Tanya Schankel MGT470 - Conflict Management and Negotiation Colorado State University - Global Campus Dr. Bonnie Adams February 5, 2017 Option 2: Exploring Negotiations - Gender Why are women reluctant to negotiate? In a country that values self-reliance and independence, there appears to be a cultural divide between men and women when it comes to negotiation and its practice. According to Babcock, Laschever, Gelfand, and Small (2003), in business, womenRead MoreGender And Gender Differences Among Children s Learning912 Words   |  4 Pagescorrespond with their gender identities. The socialization approach to gender differences among children views gender identification and behavior as being based on children’s learning that they will be rewarded for behaviors which are considered appropriate for their sex, but not for those behaviors appropriate to the other sex. (Cherlin 2009) In this essay, I will argue my partner and I’s view of the importance of a less structured approach to teaching children to â€Å"do gender†, while also explainingRead MoreWhy Alternative Dispute Resolution ( Adr ) Experts1341 Words   |  6 Pagesbasis for ir reconcilable differences. For instance, while Muslims and Christians do not believe in the same God, they both do believe in one God. This type of approach also allows for bridging of differences by framing and reframing the issue(s) that divide the parties, which will allow all parties to reengage their Pre-Frontal Cortex and allow them to have more compassion (Brain whispering: The neurosciences of mediation, February, 2016). Alternative dispute resolution experts also use problem solvingRead MoreTips For Negotiate Your Job Salary1319 Words   |  6 Pagesstarting a new job, salary negotiation provides one of the best routes to increase your pay package. Unfortunately many people do not think of negotiating because they feel uncomfortable or are outright scared. A study conducted by Salary.com, extricates the divide by revealing that a sizable 18% of people do not negotiate for pay. The same statistics indicate that a whopping 44% of people have never considered bringing the issu e to the negotiating table. The gender divide is also evident, since moreRead MoreNegotiation Is An Interpersonal Decision Making Process1056 Words   |  5 Pages1. Introduction a. Define negotiation Negotiation is an interpersonal decision-making process that individuals take-on when they fail to achieve their objectives or resolve opposing interests. Negotiation is essential in both personal and professional settings and is generally viewed as important to everyday conflict resolution, organizational planning, problem-solving, and decision-making. It is a process by which compromise or agreement is reached while avoiding argument and dispute. In theRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On Society1699 Words   |  7 Pagesfavor their people who believe in the same religion other religious groups will not accept this and they will fight even to the point of waging war. Secondly, as religion and a country’s territory become connected it is close to impossible for negotiations to occur between people of different faith who want the same land resulting in a war since neither side will compromise. Looking at the Israeli and Palestine conflict it has been going on for years and b oth the Jewish and Islamic religion playRead MoreCultural Studies By John Frow And Meaghan Morris852 Words   |  4 Pageschallenging the conduct of other people’s everyday working lives, whether within the framework of a single company.† (Denzin and Lincoln P. 490) In order to make this work, workers need to revise their habits and conducts at work by improving the race and gender equality issues in the workplace for providing more fair opportunities. This way, minorities can also feel their personal and social worth among the society. Culture is seen to affect homes, works neighborhoods and streets. Another important quoteRead MoreThe Role Of Critical Race Theory941 Words   |  4 Pages racial or indigenous minorities in Canada. Consequently, the Critical Race Theory gives an understanding of the power that can be given to a definition such as ‘race’, and how heavily influence the way society functions and sparked in a cultural divide in Canada due to the simple idea that biological and aesthetic difference. The Critical Race Theory gives us the understanding of how common it is for an individual, but most dominantly, a person who is Caucasian or who has light complexion can easilyRead MoreMulti-Party Negotiations Case Studies51 6 Words   |  2 Pages1. The famous military strategy of divide and conquer doesnt just work on the battlefield. Sebenius describes the manner in which then-Treasury Secretary James Baker convened and conducted the so-called Plaza Accords in 1985 to form an international coalition that worked to solve currency problems depressing the US economy: first one ally was approached and an agreement secured, then this allegiance was used to gain support with another, and this coalition of three was used to create a coalition

Short Story - 1145 Words

As was her habit to do between council meetings, Mithian retreated to the palace gardens on that morning. Anxiety unsteadied her gait along the familiar cobble-lined paths over the latest border reports with Cawdor and the Southrons. Disgust grated on her sensibilities concerning the advisors’ views on peasant affairs in the countryside. Impatience weighed down on her like a lead weight. Her heart kept tugging her back to the east†¦back in the direction of Camelot†¦. †¦back toward Merlin†¦. We had our visits! We saved him! We still have business back here! her brain implored. So? We still do our business! We needed to be at the council meeting. We were there. Lords Aethelwald and Edwin were intolerable! her heart snapped back. A bit of†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I just seek to make you proud of me.† â€Å"I’m always proud of you, Mithian. Never doubt that. I wondered if you’d be distracted by your other situation. I am glad you have been able to conduct yourself as we had discussed before your last visit to Camelot,† he assured her. â€Å"Still†¦.† He coughed into his hand. â€Å"Still what, Sire?† Her heart froze for a beat’s span in her chest. â€Å"We should tread carefully especially when trying to soothe feelings and establish diplomatic connections. Storming the gate of Camelot under most circumstances is not advisable. Sirs Ywain and Galahad reported that you tried civility first and that Restraint ruled your thinking. Thankfully no one was injured or worse. Under the circumstances, it was understandable. Your actions prevented a grave miscarriage of justice.† He smiled at her. She nodded. â€Å"At least we were able to deal with the magical forgery. Arthur still didn’t understand how Agravaine used magic right under his nose. Certainly he should be more mindful of matters around his court.† Then again Merlin might be doing the same. Be careful what you wish for, Mithian! â€Å"Indeed. And to think I almost insisted that you leave the necklace here this time,† he admitted. â€Å"I’m glad I didn’t.† She bit her lip. For a breath or two, she could almost imagine Merlin swinging at the end of a noose. Pain’s burning dagger stabbed through her heart. Her face turned white. â€Å"I’m glad too. Without that,Show MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 W ords   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of eventsRead MoreRacism in the Short Stories1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intr uding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narrator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. In Short Story - 1145 Words She hated this idea. She was so going to kill those two once this job was through. She slunk closer towards the small supply house near the back of the center. The darkness of the night was hiding them from sight. Houndoom, and ninetails were at her side as fletchinder fluttered above them. Fixing the mask , she made sure the voice changer was on. She also made sure the smoke filter was over her nose and mouth. Double checking that her fire resistant gear was covering all her bare skin and she was ready to go. Pulling the sword from its sheath, she swung breaking the chain on the door. Once completed she returned the weapon to its sheath. Tossing the chain to the side she pushed open the door allowing the three fire types inside. Closing†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Knock it back.† Emma ordered as fletchinder seared towards the water type. The water pulse flew as he dodged around the incoming attack. Striking the bubble pokemon in the chest with his glowing wings. †Å"My father didn’t go around burning buildings.† Ryder spat. Frogadier got to his feet as absol rushed forward only to get pushed back by the rising flames. â€Å"Perhaps, but it’s one way to get a point across.† Emma stated as she waved her hand and the three pokemon returned to her. Waving the sword at Ryder, she began to back up into the flames. â€Å"You want it, come and get it.† â€Å"Out the back.† She whispered to the three pokemon as they burned a hole through the back of the building. They sprinted off towards the forest as they heard footsteps further behind them. Glancing over her shoulder she saw Ryder, Jack and Izzy giving chase. She smiled under the mask, it was working now she had to lose them in the woods. Jumping over the roots of the tree line she kept sprinting her heart pounding in her chest. It was dark and the mask wasn’t making her sight any easier. A flick of her hand and ninetails opened her mouth, allowing th e flames to sit there. The fox pokemon rushed ahead of them lighting a path as they ran. Glancing over her shoulder, she couldn’t see them behind her. A rustle to her side caught her attention, she knew that he would catch up to her. â€Å"Crunch.† she ordered as houndoom jumped into theShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Energy Use and Conservation in Domestic Dwelling

Question: Discuss about theEnergy Use and Conservation in Domestic Dwelling. Answer: Introduction The world energy requirement is growing day by day, with the increase in numbers of electrical appliances to be used in daily life function; the consumption of power per capital has enhanced to a great level. Last ten years has seen a huge rise of energy applications considering the domestic usage. Refrigerators in summer and heat pumps in winter are the necessity of each home in the present era. The refrigeration is the reason for the extra electricity usage in summer and is the reason of most of the load shedding in the developing countries of the world. Heat pumps are the much better source of producing heat energy in the rooms rather than using the wood furnace or any other system. They constitute the major portion of the domestic power consumption. Three commonly used heat pumps are air to air, water source and geothermal. Water source heaters are used mostly in developed countries where water is heated in a central waste water heater, and high-pressure hot water is supplied for heating for the domestic purposes (Philip and Russell, 1950). The central heating, ventilation, and air conditioning also have a function of providing heat energy with the cooling, and it is becoming the more widely adopted solution for this purpose. The facts show a distribution of the among fuels been utilized to supply heat energy to homes through heat engines, natural gas, and electricity has the major part as compared with other fuel types (Bellaff, 1980).There are many different methods to provide cooling during summer, but most important sources being utilized during summer are cooling the room air, with proper insulation, effective windows, and doors, shading and ventilation, that can minimize the energy usage during the hottest climate regions of the world. There are specific and principles and rules that are needed to be abided to design an efficient air conditioning system (De Cosimo, 1977) Hot water is another accessory that is needed for various applications in domestic applications, it is reported that 18% of total home energy is utilized for heating purposes, it is necessary to select an energy efficient water heater in order to keep the energy consumption to its minimum (Lunde, 1980). There is a big involvement of the pollution and global warming in the different sector of energy conversion, and most bitter impact is for the coal and natural gas-fired power plants that directly inject their harmful smokes and flue gasses into the atmosphere. To control global warming and air pollution, the European energy commission has aimed to reduce the production of the energy through harmful atmospheric components by 2020. Further the European countries must divert 10% of the transportation on the renewable energy (Nagy and Krmendi, 2012). Fundamentals of Refrigeration The study of refrigeration requires following definitions to be understood to clearly understand the topic Temperature: The degree of hotness and coldness of a body is measured in terms of temperature. The temperature is calculated in Kelvin. Internal Energy The energy of a body due to random motion of the molecules is called its internal energy. Pressure It is force per unit area. It is measured in Pascals. Enthalpy Total heat content of a body in measured in terms of enthalpy. Mathematically it is measured as H= U + PV H= Enthalpy U= Internal Energy P= Pressure V= Volume Specific heat of a substance The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kg mass of substance to one degree. Joules Thomson Effect The working of the refrigerator is based on Joule Thomson effect that states when the gasses undergoes through sudden expansion through throttling, they cause cooling(Garvey et al., 1983). Domestic Refrigerators Ice refrigerators have been used in the early days of the history, where Ice block is placed inside a closed vessel and air inside the vessel circulate in a cyclic manner inside the vessel to cool the food products. The designing of the domestic refrigerator is much of the same kind, where the heat of the cooling cabin is circulated through the gravity different between hot and cold air. The working of the domestic refrigerator is described in detail as under. The domestic refrigerator consists of two parts, the Ice makers, and the cooling cabin. The function of ice maker is to freeze any item stored in it, and mostly it is used to freeze the water in the form of ice, because of the lower degree of temperature required in ice maker more cooling is required in this region. The temperature in the cooling cabin is higher than that of the ice cabin; it is used to store the other materials, e.g. milk, water, and other food items. Less degree of cooling is required in this region as the temperature is higher than that of the ice cabin(Laguerre et al., 2002). The Refrigeration Cycle The refrigeration cycle is based on the reverse Carnot cycle, which is an ideal theoretical cycle, it consists of four processes(Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009) Isentropic Compression Process Isothermal Heat Addition Process Isentropic Expansion Process Isothermal Heat Rejection Process The refrigeration cycle requires modification in Carnot Cycle, the direction of all the process is reversed and further modifications are as under(Pita, 1984). The isentropic compression process in Carnot cycle is started from saturated vapor line, but in reverse Carnot cycle it is started from the superheated region, it is necessary as it will make the compressor work easily. The Isentropic expansion process is replaced with throttling process, where the refrigerant undergoes an irreversible expansion. The isentropic expansion requires larger space which is economically not justified for such a system. The isothermal heat addition process causes the change in phase of the refrigerant from saturated line to saturated vapor line, the heat absorption causes. To complete the heat addition at a constant degree of temperature, it is necessary to perform this process in the wet region. The isothermal heat extraction process, this process is performed in the condenser where the refrigerant changes its phase from superheated region to subcooled region. Components of Refrigerators The refrigerator consists of following main components; all these components are joined to produced cooling through a thermodynamic cycle known as vapor compression cycle 1) Compressors2) Condensers3) Expansion Valves4) Condenser5) Liquid Line6) Storage Tank7) The refrigerant8) Suction Line. Compressor The domestic refrigerator uses a reciprocating compressor, where the tro and fro motion of the piston of the compressor is utilized for the increasing the pressure of the compressor. The basic purpose of the compressor is to perform isentropic compression process that increases temperature and the pressure of the refrigerant. The domestic compressor is known as the hermetic motor compressor (Elhaj et al., 2008).The compressor is the main source of the input to the refrigeration cycle, as no other component is provided an input power; therefore the proper selection of the compressor is necessary for the efficient operation of the refrigerator. Refrigerant The most important part of the refrigerator is the refrigerant whose chief function is to take the heat from the evaporator or the cooling cabin of the refrigerator and throw it into the condenser. The most important properties that a refrigerant should comprise are that it should have low boiling point, Be safe, Be chemically inactive, Should not dissolve water, Should not impact on ozone and Should not cause global warming. The most commonly used refrigerants are R12, R22, R134a (J Steven Brown PhD, 2009). A number of recent development on the refrigerants is in progress, as the refrigerant containing high percentage of chlorofluorocarbons has been controlled by Montreal Protocol. Condensers The function of the condenser in the refrigeration cycle is to desuperheat, condense, and subcool the refrigerant present in the refrigerant. There are multiple purpose condensers available in the market, but most general are air cooled, water cooled and evaporative condensers, among these air cooled condensers are more suited for the domestic refrigerators (Colburn and Hougen, 1934). The refrigerators are needed to be placed at the windy place to perform the refrigerators operation efficiently. Expansion Valve The purpose of the expansion valve is to keep the low-pressure compartment of the refrigerator separated from high-pressure compartment. Different expansion valves being used are float valve, thermostatic expansion valve, thermoelectric expansion valve, capillary tube and hand operated valves. Capillary tube is most commonly used in the domestic refrigerators (Broersen and Van der Jagt, 1980). The control of the temperature of the refrigerator is the control of the pressure at the exit of the expansion valve, as a change in pressure will always change the temperature at the refrigerants boiling point, and the same will be the temperature of the refrigerator. Evaporators The function of the evaporators is the change of phase of refrigerant, the expansion valve and evaporator functions simultaneously, once the expansion is complete the refrigerant is into the evaporator where it will absorb heat from the products stored in the refrigerator and change to saturated vapor or superheated vapor. The different kinds of evaporators being used are the bare tube, plate surface, and finned tube evaporators; the finned tube evaporators utilize extra fins that are required to the increase the heat transfer area and heat is transferred in less time (Ayub, 2003). The cooling cabin and ice making cabins have the zigzag piping of the evaporator that the mostly of a conductor material. Liquid Line The liquid line takes the refrigerant from the condenser to the expansion valve. It also performs the function of the subcooling the refrigerant while reaching towards the expansion valve. Receiver Tanks The refrigerant once condensed in stored in the receiver tank, where cooling caused subcooling of the refrigerant (Nakamura, 1992). The tank provides desired space for subcooling the refrigerant if the COP is needed to increase by external means. Suction Line The purpose of the suction line is to take the refrigerant from evaporator to the compressor, the extra superheating is done in the suction line, that is necessary for the proper operation of the compressor. The suction line can be covered with insulation to keep the refrigerant from superheating. Performance Measurement The performance of the domestic refrigerator is measured by its coefficient of performance (COP) or Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) value. The COP is defined as the ratio of refrigeration effect to work of compression, where refrigeration effect is the amount of heat absorbed by one kg of refrigerant from the cooling space and work of compression is the heat equivalent of the compressor.(Blanchard, 1980) The EER value is defined as the ratio between cooling capacity and power input. Recent Developments in Vapor Compression Cycle Numbers of different developments are already made and others are in progress to increase the efficiency of the vapor compression cycle, some of these are mentioned here. Subcooling The coefficient of performance improvement of the vapor compression cycle is due to the increase in the refrigeration effect of the cycle, the two possible ways to perform the subcooling are dedicated mechanical subcooling and integrated mechanical subcooling that employs two reciprocating compressors in different locations in the cycle and that causes an increase in coefficient of performance of the refrigeration cycle(Yu et al., 2007). Super Heating The superheating of the refrigerant in the evaporator causes an increase in efficiency of the refrigerator, the extra heat required to superheat the refrigerant is taken from the evaporator and the refrigerant becomes superheated, the increase in coefficient of performance of the cycle is due to the increase in the refrigeration effect of the vapor compression cycle(Selba? et al., 2006). Liquid Suction Heat Exchanger The liquid suction heat exchanger combines subcooling and superheating, through a heat exchanger, the refrigerant from the receiver tank is subcooled, and the refrigerant from the evaporator is superheated, while passing the heat exchanger, it has different effect on different refrigerants, e.g. coefficient of performance decreases for R22, R32, R717 and the COP increases for R507a, R134a, R12, R404a, R290, R407c, R600(Domanski, 1995). Expender Expansion Cycle The improvement in the COP of the refrigerant due to the expansion of the refrigerant through the expender is causes an increases in COP, where the rotor attached to expender rotates with the expansion of the refrigerant while passing through it and this rotation is forwarded to compressor in order to compress the refrigerant that causes decreased voltage requirement for the compressor and overall COP of the vapor compressor cycle increases(Kornhauser, 1990). Ejector Expansion Cycle It offers increased coefficient of performance, decreased compressor displacement, and decreased compression ratio for the same operating conditions. These benefits are obtained by the addition of equipment that is intrinsically durable and low in cost. The jet ejector is low in cost and able to handle a wide range of multi-phase flows .without damage. It is proposed that an ejector should be used as a refrigerant expander(Hassanain et al., 2015). Solar Cooling The utilization of the solar energy for power production is quite useful and in progress, but the use of solar energy for the cooling and air conditioning is even more effective, it has an advantage of the direct conversion of solar heat into cooling without the conversion of solar energy into electric energy as number of conversions increases the efficiency of the solar energy increases (Kreider and Kreith, 1975). Mathematical Analysis It is the total cooling load in terms of KW or tone refrigeration that is needed to be absorbed from the evaporator and to throw it outside in the atmosphere. Numbers of different factors are involved in increasing the heat content of the evaporator and are mention below. The wall gain load The air circulation load The Product load An excel file attached give the detailed calculation of the cooling load for the domestic refrigerator. The wall gain load The wall gain load is the amount of heat added into the evaporator through temperature difference between the cooling cabin and the surrounding it is calculated by Fourier law of heat conduction (Xirouchaki et al., 2008) Q= AU(TD) Where A= Area of the contact between outside air and the outer surface U= Overall heat transfer coefficient TD= Temperature Different The U value depends on the type of the material being utilized for the construction of the walls of the cooling cabin. Different books in the literature have the detailed values of heat conduction coefficient to calculate the value of U-factor. The domestic refrigerator consists of layers of number of materials, e.g. the outer sheet metal of steel or aluminum, with paint on it, in between glass fiber insulating material and inner plastic or metal sheet. The U-factor for a wall consisting of a number of different materials is calculated by following relation (Agrawal and Menon, 1993). U= 1/(1/f1 + x1/k1+ x2/k2 + x3/k3+ x4/k4.xn/kn+ 1/f0) Where f1 shows coefficient of convective heat transfer at the inside wall and f2 is the coefficient of convective heat transfer at the outside wall X= thickness of the conductive materials K= Conductive heat transfer coefficient. The wall gain load (Calculate)= 0.684 KW The Air Circulation It is due to the bulk movement of the air molecules from surrounding to the cooling cabin especially through the leakages present at the mating surfaces. The air change load is calculated by Q= m(h0-hi) OR Q= (Infiltration Rate L/s)(Enthalpy Change kJ/L) Q= Air change load H0= Enthalpy of the outside air Hi= Enthalpy of the inside air m= mass of the air entering the space Infiltration rate the total leakage of the air inside the cooling cabin. The air change load (Calculated) = 0.329 KW The Product Load It is the load due to the thermal or heat energy of the products placed inside the cooling region; it is calculated by Q= mc ?T/ Desired Cooling Time in seconds Q= The product load m= Mass of the product stored in the refrigerator C= Specific heat above freezing in KJ/kgK. ?T= Change in the product temperature The product load (Calculated) = 4.88 KW. Factor of Safety The load is calculated by adding all the loads that can cause a rise in temperature, and the factor of safety equal to 10% of the total cooling load is added to the calculated value, to make up for all kinds of mistakes that could occur in the calculation of the load. Factor of Safety (Calculated) = 0.589 KW Total Cooling Load The total value of cooling load is calculated by considering the running time of the equipment. The equipment is considered to be running for about 18 hours in a day and rest of the time the system is in idle condition. The total refrigeration load is calculated to be 2.5 tones of refrigeration. The tone of refrigeration and kilo watt are related as the following equation I ton refrigeration = 0.284 KW The total load can be calculated by the following relation Q= 24h/RT (Qt) Total Load (Calculated)= 2.5 Tone of refrigeration. Conclusion The paper discusses the importance of the refrigeration system for the daily life usage and method of calculation of the cooling load for a single family home. The precise calculation of the refrigeration system keeping in view the flexible loads that could often incur, are quite important in the energy usage. The world is heading towards energy crisis where the fossil fuels are depleting, and renewable energy resources are focused. The study concluded that the proper usage of the existing sources: decreases the wastes and the losses by precisely using the calculation for the selection of the cooling systems could easily fulfill the worlds energy demand. References Agrawal, D. Menon, V. 1993. Finite?Time Carnot Refrigerators With Wall Gain And Product Loads. Journal Of Applied Physics, 74, 2153-2158. Ayub, Z. H. 2003. Plate Heat Exchanger Literature Survey And New Heat Transfer And Pressure Drop Correlations For Refrigerant Evaporators. Heat Transfer Engineering, 24, 3-16. Bellaff, L. 1980. Home Heating System. Google Patents. Blanchard, C. 1980. Coefficient Of Performance For Finite Speed Heat Pump. Journal Of Applied Physics, 51, 2471-2472. Borgnakke, C. Sonntag, R. E. 2009. Fundamentals Of Thermodynamics, Wiley. Broersen, P. Van Der Jagt, M. 1980. Hunting Of Evaporators Controlled By A Thermostatic Expansion Valve. Journal Of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, And Control, 102, 130-135. Colburn, A. P. Hougen, O. A. 1934. Design Of Cooler Condensers For Mixtures Of Vapors With Noncondensing Gases. Industrial Engineering Chemistry, 26, 1178-1182. De Cosimo, M. J. 1977. Complete System For A Home Air Heating And Cooling, Hot And Cold Water, And Electric Power. Google Patents. Domanski, P. A. 1995. Theoretical Evaluation Of The Vapor Compression Cycle With A Liquid-Line/Suction-Line Heat Exchanger, Economizer, And Ejector, National Institute Of Standards And Technology. Elhaj, M., Gu, F., Ball, A., Albarbar, A., Al-Qattan, M. Naid, A. 2008. Numerical Simulation And Experimental Study Of A Two-Stage Reciprocating Compressor For Condition Monitoring. Mechanical Systems And Signal Processing, 22, 374-389. Garvey, S., Logan, S., Rowe, R. Little, W. 1983. Performance Characteristics Of A Low?Flow Rate 25 Mw, Ln2 JouleThomson Refrigerator Fabricated By Photolithographic Means. Applied Physics Letters, 42, 1048-1050. Hassanain, M., Elgendy, E. Fatouh, M. 2015. Ejector Expansion Refrigeration System: Ejector Design And Performance Evaluation. International Journal Of Refrigeration, 58, 1-13. J Steven Brown Phd, P. 2009. Hfos: New, Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants. Ashrae Journal, 51, 22. Kornhauser, A. A. 1990. The Use Of An Ejector As A Refrigerant Expander. Kreider, J. F. Kreith, F. 1975. Solar Heating And Cooling: Engineering, Practical Design, And Economics. University Of Colorado; Environmental Consulting Services Inc., Boulder, Co. Laguerre, O., Derens, E. Palagos, B. 2002. Study Of Domestic Refrigerator Temperature And Analysis Of Factors Affecting Temperature: A French Survey. International Journal Of Refrigeration, 25, 653-659. Lunde, P. J. 1980. Solar Thermal Engineering: Space Heating And Hot Water Systems. Nagy, K. 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Positive Learning Environment free essay sample

Positive Learning Environment Positive learning environments support the developmental needs of students not only academically but also socially and personally. Students thrive in environments where they feel safe amongst their peers, comfortable amongst themselves, nurtured and respected, and motivated to learn. All students, even those who have learning difficulties and personal challenges, can do well when they are physically comfortable, mentally motivated, and emotionally supported.Creating a positive learning environment will optimize student learning, help you build a cohesive classroom community, and create a pleasant work environment for both you and your students. Since students are unique individuals and come from a variety of backgrounds and experiences, a positive environment may not occur naturally but require careful planning and nurturing from the teacher and other educators. Respectful relationships are just one factor for maintaining positive environments. The key for creating positive environments starts at the top levels, modeled via principals to classroom teachers and through to the individual learners. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Learning Environment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A simple assessment of our own environment will help educators to determine some of the factors to consider by asking the questions below, to determine whether we promote a comfortable, supportive, safe, peaceful, and positive environment: 1. How have you fostered the creation and advancement of an engaging learning community and effective learning environment? . Do you create a positive learning environment where students feel valued, prepared to leave their comfort zone, and willing to ask questions? 3. Is your school a place where all feel calm, at ease, and secure? Or are there times when the behaviors of some may lead others to feel agitated, threatened, or ridiculed? 4. Is it a place where all students are able to express personal ideas, views, and feel valued and encouraged?Or are there times when the behaviors of some may lead others to feel awkward, useless, or misunderstood? 5. Is it a place where all people feel respected, feel they can be themselves, that their personal identity – sexuality, gender, age, ethnicity, culture and faith will be honored, that they can express different ideas or views? Or are there times when the behaviors of some may lead others to feel anxious, self-doubting, or vulnerable? 6. Is your school a place where all people feel calm, confident, ree from harm (emotional, mental as well as physical) and know that others are sensitive to their individual needs? Or are there times when the behaviors of some people may lead others to feel in danger, vulnerable, afraid, nervous or violated? 7. Is your school a place where all people feel confident, encouraged, and optimistic? Or are there times when the behaviors of some people may lead others to feel: negative, put-down, in danger, pessimistic, gloomy, unenthusiastic, distrustful and violated.