Negotiation And The Gender Divide - 1768 Words

Carmen Peton Dr. McClintock-Comeaux WST 200 – W01 November 23, 2016 Women Don t Ask: Negotiation and the Gender Divide Linda Babcock and Sara Laschever Women Don t Ask: Negotiation and the Gender Divide is an informational book great for males and females. This book is overflowing with statistics and studies done on men and women, and how gender influences whether or not they negotiate. It provides real life examples of negotiation differences between the genders. The authors also give solutions, and tries to push women to start asking for what they want and need. Women today are expected to play so many different roles than in the past. Women are now bosses, coworkers, wives, and mothers, taking part in the work force more than ever before. Many women also have to support their family alone due to the 40-50 percent divorce rate. (Babcock, Linda, and Sara Laschever. Preface. Women Don t Ask: Negotiation and the Gender Divide. Princeton, 2003. IX-XIII. Print.) While Linda Babcock was the director of the Ph.D. program at her school, she was approached by a group of concerned female graduate students. They explained that the male graduate students were teaching their own courses, while the female students were assigned as teaching assistants to other professors. When Babcock questioned the dean who dealt with the teaching assignments, the dean replied, More men ask. The women just don t ask. This inspired Babcock to conduct a study on the starting salaries ofShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Gender And Career Choice978 Words   |  4 PagesSHARMA STUDENT ID: 1687816 PRATICAL: 9 DRAFT: 1 APRIL 11, 2015 RESEARCH ESSAY (THE ROLE OF GENDER IN CAREER CHOICE) THE ROLE OF GENDER IN CARRIER CHOICE Career choice is the selection of path by males or females in order to gain success in their life.The selection of a profession is often done by parental guidance, vocational counselling and training opportunities. There is a cultural belief that gender plays an important role in the option of occupation and one question occurs on this idea thatRead MoreA Brief Note On Conflict Management And Negotiation1583 Words   |  7 PagesOption 2: Exploring Negotiations - Gender Tanya Schankel MGT470 - Conflict Management and Negotiation Colorado State University - Global Campus Dr. Bonnie Adams February 5, 2017 Option 2: Exploring Negotiations - Gender Why are women reluctant to negotiate? In a country that values self-reliance and independence, there appears to be a cultural divide between men and women when it comes to negotiation and its practice. According to Babcock, Laschever, Gelfand, and Small (2003), in business, womenRead MoreGender And Gender Differences Among Children s Learning912 Words   |  4 Pagescorrespond with their gender identities. The socialization approach to gender differences among children views gender identification and behavior as being based on children’s learning that they will be rewarded for behaviors which are considered appropriate for their sex, but not for those behaviors appropriate to the other sex. (Cherlin 2009) In this essay, I will argue my partner and I’s view of the importance of a less structured approach to teaching children to â€Å"do gender†, while also explainingRead MoreWhy Alternative Dispute Resolution ( Adr ) Experts1341 Words   |  6 Pagesbasis for ir reconcilable differences. For instance, while Muslims and Christians do not believe in the same God, they both do believe in one God. This type of approach also allows for bridging of differences by framing and reframing the issue(s) that divide the parties, which will allow all parties to reengage their Pre-Frontal Cortex and allow them to have more compassion (Brain whispering: The neurosciences of mediation, February, 2016). Alternative dispute resolution experts also use problem solvingRead MoreTips For Negotiate Your Job Salary1319 Words   |  6 Pagesstarting a new job, salary negotiation provides one of the best routes to increase your pay package. Unfortunately many people do not think of negotiating because they feel uncomfortable or are outright scared. A study conducted by Salary.com, extricates the divide by revealing that a sizable 18% of people do not negotiate for pay. The same statistics indicate that a whopping 44% of people have never considered bringing the issu e to the negotiating table. The gender divide is also evident, since moreRead MoreNegotiation Is An Interpersonal Decision Making Process1056 Words   |  5 Pages1. Introduction a. Define negotiation Negotiation is an interpersonal decision-making process that individuals take-on when they fail to achieve their objectives or resolve opposing interests. Negotiation is essential in both personal and professional settings and is generally viewed as important to everyday conflict resolution, organizational planning, problem-solving, and decision-making. It is a process by which compromise or agreement is reached while avoiding argument and dispute. In theRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On Society1699 Words   |  7 Pagesfavor their people who believe in the same religion other religious groups will not accept this and they will fight even to the point of waging war. Secondly, as religion and a country’s territory become connected it is close to impossible for negotiations to occur between people of different faith who want the same land resulting in a war since neither side will compromise. Looking at the Israeli and Palestine conflict it has been going on for years and b oth the Jewish and Islamic religion playRead MoreCultural Studies By John Frow And Meaghan Morris852 Words   |  4 Pageschallenging the conduct of other people’s everyday working lives, whether within the framework of a single company.† (Denzin and Lincoln P. 490) In order to make this work, workers need to revise their habits and conducts at work by improving the race and gender equality issues in the workplace for providing more fair opportunities. This way, minorities can also feel their personal and social worth among the society. Culture is seen to affect homes, works neighborhoods and streets. Another important quoteRead MoreThe Role Of Critical Race Theory941 Words   |  4 Pages racial or indigenous minorities in Canada. Consequently, the Critical Race Theory gives an understanding of the power that can be given to a definition such as ‘race’, and how heavily influence the way society functions and sparked in a cultural divide in Canada due to the simple idea that biological and aesthetic difference. The Critical Race Theory gives us the understanding of how common it is for an individual, but most dominantly, a person who is Caucasian or who has light complexion can easilyRead MoreMulti-Party Negotiations Case Studies51 6 Words   |  2 Pages1. The famous military strategy of divide and conquer doesnt just work on the battlefield. Sebenius describes the manner in which then-Treasury Secretary James Baker convened and conducted the so-called Plaza Accords in 1985 to form an international coalition that worked to solve currency problems depressing the US economy: first one ally was approached and an agreement secured, then this allegiance was used to gain support with another, and this coalition of three was used to create a coalition

Short Story - 1145 Words

As was her habit to do between council meetings, Mithian retreated to the palace gardens on that morning. Anxiety unsteadied her gait along the familiar cobble-lined paths over the latest border reports with Cawdor and the Southrons. Disgust grated on her sensibilities concerning the advisors’ views on peasant affairs in the countryside. Impatience weighed down on her like a lead weight. Her heart kept tugging her back to the east†¦back in the direction of Camelot†¦. †¦back toward Merlin†¦. We had our visits! We saved him! We still have business back here! her brain implored. So? We still do our business! We needed to be at the council meeting. We were there. Lords Aethelwald and Edwin were intolerable! her heart snapped back. A bit of†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I just seek to make you proud of me.† â€Å"I’m always proud of you, Mithian. Never doubt that. I wondered if you’d be distracted by your other situation. I am glad you have been able to conduct yourself as we had discussed before your last visit to Camelot,† he assured her. â€Å"Still†¦.† He coughed into his hand. â€Å"Still what, Sire?† Her heart froze for a beat’s span in her chest. â€Å"We should tread carefully especially when trying to soothe feelings and establish diplomatic connections. Storming the gate of Camelot under most circumstances is not advisable. Sirs Ywain and Galahad reported that you tried civility first and that Restraint ruled your thinking. Thankfully no one was injured or worse. Under the circumstances, it was understandable. Your actions prevented a grave miscarriage of justice.† He smiled at her. She nodded. â€Å"At least we were able to deal with the magical forgery. Arthur still didn’t understand how Agravaine used magic right under his nose. Certainly he should be more mindful of matters around his court.† Then again Merlin might be doing the same. Be careful what you wish for, Mithian! â€Å"Indeed. And to think I almost insisted that you leave the necklace here this time,† he admitted. â€Å"I’m glad I didn’t.† She bit her lip. For a breath or two, she could almost imagine Merlin swinging at the end of a noose. Pain’s burning dagger stabbed through her heart. Her face turned white. â€Å"I’m glad too. Without that,Show MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 W ords   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of eventsRead MoreRacism in the Short Stories1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intr uding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narrator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. In Short Story - 1145 Words She hated this idea. She was so going to kill those two once this job was through. She slunk closer towards the small supply house near the back of the center. The darkness of the night was hiding them from sight. Houndoom, and ninetails were at her side as fletchinder fluttered above them. Fixing the mask , she made sure the voice changer was on. She also made sure the smoke filter was over her nose and mouth. Double checking that her fire resistant gear was covering all her bare skin and she was ready to go. Pulling the sword from its sheath, she swung breaking the chain on the door. Once completed she returned the weapon to its sheath. Tossing the chain to the side she pushed open the door allowing the three fire types inside. Closing†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Knock it back.† Emma ordered as fletchinder seared towards the water type. The water pulse flew as he dodged around the incoming attack. Striking the bubble pokemon in the chest with his glowing wings. †Å"My father didn’t go around burning buildings.† Ryder spat. Frogadier got to his feet as absol rushed forward only to get pushed back by the rising flames. â€Å"Perhaps, but it’s one way to get a point across.† Emma stated as she waved her hand and the three pokemon returned to her. Waving the sword at Ryder, she began to back up into the flames. â€Å"You want it, come and get it.† â€Å"Out the back.† She whispered to the three pokemon as they burned a hole through the back of the building. They sprinted off towards the forest as they heard footsteps further behind them. Glancing over her shoulder she saw Ryder, Jack and Izzy giving chase. She smiled under the mask, it was working now she had to lose them in the woods. Jumping over the roots of the tree line she kept sprinting her heart pounding in her chest. It was dark and the mask wasn’t making her sight any easier. A flick of her hand and ninetails opened her mouth, allowing th e flames to sit there. The fox pokemon rushed ahead of them lighting a path as they ran. Glancing over her shoulder, she couldn’t see them behind her. A rustle to her side caught her attention, she knew that he would catch up to her. â€Å"Crunch.† she ordered as houndoom jumped into theShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Energy Use and Conservation in Domestic Dwelling

Question: Discuss about theEnergy Use and Conservation in Domestic Dwelling. Answer: Introduction The world energy requirement is growing day by day, with the increase in numbers of electrical appliances to be used in daily life function; the consumption of power per capital has enhanced to a great level. Last ten years has seen a huge rise of energy applications considering the domestic usage. Refrigerators in summer and heat pumps in winter are the necessity of each home in the present era. The refrigeration is the reason for the extra electricity usage in summer and is the reason of most of the load shedding in the developing countries of the world. Heat pumps are the much better source of producing heat energy in the rooms rather than using the wood furnace or any other system. They constitute the major portion of the domestic power consumption. Three commonly used heat pumps are air to air, water source and geothermal. Water source heaters are used mostly in developed countries where water is heated in a central waste water heater, and high-pressure hot water is supplied for heating for the domestic purposes (Philip and Russell, 1950). The central heating, ventilation, and air conditioning also have a function of providing heat energy with the cooling, and it is becoming the more widely adopted solution for this purpose. The facts show a distribution of the among fuels been utilized to supply heat energy to homes through heat engines, natural gas, and electricity has the major part as compared with other fuel types (Bellaff, 1980).There are many different methods to provide cooling during summer, but most important sources being utilized during summer are cooling the room air, with proper insulation, effective windows, and doors, shading and ventilation, that can minimize the energy usage during the hottest climate regions of the world. There are specific and principles and rules that are needed to be abided to design an efficient air conditioning system (De Cosimo, 1977) Hot water is another accessory that is needed for various applications in domestic applications, it is reported that 18% of total home energy is utilized for heating purposes, it is necessary to select an energy efficient water heater in order to keep the energy consumption to its minimum (Lunde, 1980). There is a big involvement of the pollution and global warming in the different sector of energy conversion, and most bitter impact is for the coal and natural gas-fired power plants that directly inject their harmful smokes and flue gasses into the atmosphere. To control global warming and air pollution, the European energy commission has aimed to reduce the production of the energy through harmful atmospheric components by 2020. Further the European countries must divert 10% of the transportation on the renewable energy (Nagy and Krmendi, 2012). Fundamentals of Refrigeration The study of refrigeration requires following definitions to be understood to clearly understand the topic Temperature: The degree of hotness and coldness of a body is measured in terms of temperature. The temperature is calculated in Kelvin. Internal Energy The energy of a body due to random motion of the molecules is called its internal energy. Pressure It is force per unit area. It is measured in Pascals. Enthalpy Total heat content of a body in measured in terms of enthalpy. Mathematically it is measured as H= U + PV H= Enthalpy U= Internal Energy P= Pressure V= Volume Specific heat of a substance The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kg mass of substance to one degree. Joules Thomson Effect The working of the refrigerator is based on Joule Thomson effect that states when the gasses undergoes through sudden expansion through throttling, they cause cooling(Garvey et al., 1983). Domestic Refrigerators Ice refrigerators have been used in the early days of the history, where Ice block is placed inside a closed vessel and air inside the vessel circulate in a cyclic manner inside the vessel to cool the food products. The designing of the domestic refrigerator is much of the same kind, where the heat of the cooling cabin is circulated through the gravity different between hot and cold air. The working of the domestic refrigerator is described in detail as under. The domestic refrigerator consists of two parts, the Ice makers, and the cooling cabin. The function of ice maker is to freeze any item stored in it, and mostly it is used to freeze the water in the form of ice, because of the lower degree of temperature required in ice maker more cooling is required in this region. The temperature in the cooling cabin is higher than that of the ice cabin; it is used to store the other materials, e.g. milk, water, and other food items. Less degree of cooling is required in this region as the temperature is higher than that of the ice cabin(Laguerre et al., 2002). The Refrigeration Cycle The refrigeration cycle is based on the reverse Carnot cycle, which is an ideal theoretical cycle, it consists of four processes(Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2009) Isentropic Compression Process Isothermal Heat Addition Process Isentropic Expansion Process Isothermal Heat Rejection Process The refrigeration cycle requires modification in Carnot Cycle, the direction of all the process is reversed and further modifications are as under(Pita, 1984). The isentropic compression process in Carnot cycle is started from saturated vapor line, but in reverse Carnot cycle it is started from the superheated region, it is necessary as it will make the compressor work easily. The Isentropic expansion process is replaced with throttling process, where the refrigerant undergoes an irreversible expansion. The isentropic expansion requires larger space which is economically not justified for such a system. The isothermal heat addition process causes the change in phase of the refrigerant from saturated line to saturated vapor line, the heat absorption causes. To complete the heat addition at a constant degree of temperature, it is necessary to perform this process in the wet region. The isothermal heat extraction process, this process is performed in the condenser where the refrigerant changes its phase from superheated region to subcooled region. Components of Refrigerators The refrigerator consists of following main components; all these components are joined to produced cooling through a thermodynamic cycle known as vapor compression cycle 1) Compressors2) Condensers3) Expansion Valves4) Condenser5) Liquid Line6) Storage Tank7) The refrigerant8) Suction Line. Compressor The domestic refrigerator uses a reciprocating compressor, where the tro and fro motion of the piston of the compressor is utilized for the increasing the pressure of the compressor. The basic purpose of the compressor is to perform isentropic compression process that increases temperature and the pressure of the refrigerant. The domestic compressor is known as the hermetic motor compressor (Elhaj et al., 2008).The compressor is the main source of the input to the refrigeration cycle, as no other component is provided an input power; therefore the proper selection of the compressor is necessary for the efficient operation of the refrigerator. Refrigerant The most important part of the refrigerator is the refrigerant whose chief function is to take the heat from the evaporator or the cooling cabin of the refrigerator and throw it into the condenser. The most important properties that a refrigerant should comprise are that it should have low boiling point, Be safe, Be chemically inactive, Should not dissolve water, Should not impact on ozone and Should not cause global warming. The most commonly used refrigerants are R12, R22, R134a (J Steven Brown PhD, 2009). A number of recent development on the refrigerants is in progress, as the refrigerant containing high percentage of chlorofluorocarbons has been controlled by Montreal Protocol. Condensers The function of the condenser in the refrigeration cycle is to desuperheat, condense, and subcool the refrigerant present in the refrigerant. There are multiple purpose condensers available in the market, but most general are air cooled, water cooled and evaporative condensers, among these air cooled condensers are more suited for the domestic refrigerators (Colburn and Hougen, 1934). The refrigerators are needed to be placed at the windy place to perform the refrigerators operation efficiently. Expansion Valve The purpose of the expansion valve is to keep the low-pressure compartment of the refrigerator separated from high-pressure compartment. Different expansion valves being used are float valve, thermostatic expansion valve, thermoelectric expansion valve, capillary tube and hand operated valves. Capillary tube is most commonly used in the domestic refrigerators (Broersen and Van der Jagt, 1980). The control of the temperature of the refrigerator is the control of the pressure at the exit of the expansion valve, as a change in pressure will always change the temperature at the refrigerants boiling point, and the same will be the temperature of the refrigerator. Evaporators The function of the evaporators is the change of phase of refrigerant, the expansion valve and evaporator functions simultaneously, once the expansion is complete the refrigerant is into the evaporator where it will absorb heat from the products stored in the refrigerator and change to saturated vapor or superheated vapor. The different kinds of evaporators being used are the bare tube, plate surface, and finned tube evaporators; the finned tube evaporators utilize extra fins that are required to the increase the heat transfer area and heat is transferred in less time (Ayub, 2003). The cooling cabin and ice making cabins have the zigzag piping of the evaporator that the mostly of a conductor material. Liquid Line The liquid line takes the refrigerant from the condenser to the expansion valve. It also performs the function of the subcooling the refrigerant while reaching towards the expansion valve. Receiver Tanks The refrigerant once condensed in stored in the receiver tank, where cooling caused subcooling of the refrigerant (Nakamura, 1992). The tank provides desired space for subcooling the refrigerant if the COP is needed to increase by external means. Suction Line The purpose of the suction line is to take the refrigerant from evaporator to the compressor, the extra superheating is done in the suction line, that is necessary for the proper operation of the compressor. The suction line can be covered with insulation to keep the refrigerant from superheating. Performance Measurement The performance of the domestic refrigerator is measured by its coefficient of performance (COP) or Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) value. The COP is defined as the ratio of refrigeration effect to work of compression, where refrigeration effect is the amount of heat absorbed by one kg of refrigerant from the cooling space and work of compression is the heat equivalent of the compressor.(Blanchard, 1980) The EER value is defined as the ratio between cooling capacity and power input. Recent Developments in Vapor Compression Cycle Numbers of different developments are already made and others are in progress to increase the efficiency of the vapor compression cycle, some of these are mentioned here. Subcooling The coefficient of performance improvement of the vapor compression cycle is due to the increase in the refrigeration effect of the cycle, the two possible ways to perform the subcooling are dedicated mechanical subcooling and integrated mechanical subcooling that employs two reciprocating compressors in different locations in the cycle and that causes an increase in coefficient of performance of the refrigeration cycle(Yu et al., 2007). Super Heating The superheating of the refrigerant in the evaporator causes an increase in efficiency of the refrigerator, the extra heat required to superheat the refrigerant is taken from the evaporator and the refrigerant becomes superheated, the increase in coefficient of performance of the cycle is due to the increase in the refrigeration effect of the vapor compression cycle(Selba? et al., 2006). Liquid Suction Heat Exchanger The liquid suction heat exchanger combines subcooling and superheating, through a heat exchanger, the refrigerant from the receiver tank is subcooled, and the refrigerant from the evaporator is superheated, while passing the heat exchanger, it has different effect on different refrigerants, e.g. coefficient of performance decreases for R22, R32, R717 and the COP increases for R507a, R134a, R12, R404a, R290, R407c, R600(Domanski, 1995). Expender Expansion Cycle The improvement in the COP of the refrigerant due to the expansion of the refrigerant through the expender is causes an increases in COP, where the rotor attached to expender rotates with the expansion of the refrigerant while passing through it and this rotation is forwarded to compressor in order to compress the refrigerant that causes decreased voltage requirement for the compressor and overall COP of the vapor compressor cycle increases(Kornhauser, 1990). Ejector Expansion Cycle It offers increased coefficient of performance, decreased compressor displacement, and decreased compression ratio for the same operating conditions. These benefits are obtained by the addition of equipment that is intrinsically durable and low in cost. The jet ejector is low in cost and able to handle a wide range of multi-phase flows .without damage. It is proposed that an ejector should be used as a refrigerant expander(Hassanain et al., 2015). Solar Cooling The utilization of the solar energy for power production is quite useful and in progress, but the use of solar energy for the cooling and air conditioning is even more effective, it has an advantage of the direct conversion of solar heat into cooling without the conversion of solar energy into electric energy as number of conversions increases the efficiency of the solar energy increases (Kreider and Kreith, 1975). Mathematical Analysis It is the total cooling load in terms of KW or tone refrigeration that is needed to be absorbed from the evaporator and to throw it outside in the atmosphere. Numbers of different factors are involved in increasing the heat content of the evaporator and are mention below. The wall gain load The air circulation load The Product load An excel file attached give the detailed calculation of the cooling load for the domestic refrigerator. The wall gain load The wall gain load is the amount of heat added into the evaporator through temperature difference between the cooling cabin and the surrounding it is calculated by Fourier law of heat conduction (Xirouchaki et al., 2008) Q= AU(TD) Where A= Area of the contact between outside air and the outer surface U= Overall heat transfer coefficient TD= Temperature Different The U value depends on the type of the material being utilized for the construction of the walls of the cooling cabin. Different books in the literature have the detailed values of heat conduction coefficient to calculate the value of U-factor. The domestic refrigerator consists of layers of number of materials, e.g. the outer sheet metal of steel or aluminum, with paint on it, in between glass fiber insulating material and inner plastic or metal sheet. The U-factor for a wall consisting of a number of different materials is calculated by following relation (Agrawal and Menon, 1993). U= 1/(1/f1 + x1/k1+ x2/k2 + x3/k3+ x4/k4.xn/kn+ 1/f0) Where f1 shows coefficient of convective heat transfer at the inside wall and f2 is the coefficient of convective heat transfer at the outside wall X= thickness of the conductive materials K= Conductive heat transfer coefficient. The wall gain load (Calculate)= 0.684 KW The Air Circulation It is due to the bulk movement of the air molecules from surrounding to the cooling cabin especially through the leakages present at the mating surfaces. The air change load is calculated by Q= m(h0-hi) OR Q= (Infiltration Rate L/s)(Enthalpy Change kJ/L) Q= Air change load H0= Enthalpy of the outside air Hi= Enthalpy of the inside air m= mass of the air entering the space Infiltration rate the total leakage of the air inside the cooling cabin. The air change load (Calculated) = 0.329 KW The Product Load It is the load due to the thermal or heat energy of the products placed inside the cooling region; it is calculated by Q= mc ?T/ Desired Cooling Time in seconds Q= The product load m= Mass of the product stored in the refrigerator C= Specific heat above freezing in KJ/kgK. ?T= Change in the product temperature The product load (Calculated) = 4.88 KW. Factor of Safety The load is calculated by adding all the loads that can cause a rise in temperature, and the factor of safety equal to 10% of the total cooling load is added to the calculated value, to make up for all kinds of mistakes that could occur in the calculation of the load. Factor of Safety (Calculated) = 0.589 KW Total Cooling Load The total value of cooling load is calculated by considering the running time of the equipment. The equipment is considered to be running for about 18 hours in a day and rest of the time the system is in idle condition. The total refrigeration load is calculated to be 2.5 tones of refrigeration. The tone of refrigeration and kilo watt are related as the following equation I ton refrigeration = 0.284 KW The total load can be calculated by the following relation Q= 24h/RT (Qt) Total Load (Calculated)= 2.5 Tone of refrigeration. Conclusion The paper discusses the importance of the refrigeration system for the daily life usage and method of calculation of the cooling load for a single family home. The precise calculation of the refrigeration system keeping in view the flexible loads that could often incur, are quite important in the energy usage. The world is heading towards energy crisis where the fossil fuels are depleting, and renewable energy resources are focused. The study concluded that the proper usage of the existing sources: decreases the wastes and the losses by precisely using the calculation for the selection of the cooling systems could easily fulfill the worlds energy demand. References Agrawal, D. Menon, V. 1993. Finite?Time Carnot Refrigerators With Wall Gain And Product Loads. Journal Of Applied Physics, 74, 2153-2158. Ayub, Z. H. 2003. Plate Heat Exchanger Literature Survey And New Heat Transfer And Pressure Drop Correlations For Refrigerant Evaporators. Heat Transfer Engineering, 24, 3-16. Bellaff, L. 1980. Home Heating System. Google Patents. Blanchard, C. 1980. Coefficient Of Performance For Finite Speed Heat Pump. Journal Of Applied Physics, 51, 2471-2472. Borgnakke, C. Sonntag, R. E. 2009. Fundamentals Of Thermodynamics, Wiley. Broersen, P. Van Der Jagt, M. 1980. Hunting Of Evaporators Controlled By A Thermostatic Expansion Valve. Journal Of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, And Control, 102, 130-135. Colburn, A. P. Hougen, O. A. 1934. Design Of Cooler Condensers For Mixtures Of Vapors With Noncondensing Gases. Industrial Engineering Chemistry, 26, 1178-1182. De Cosimo, M. J. 1977. Complete System For A Home Air Heating And Cooling, Hot And Cold Water, And Electric Power. Google Patents. Domanski, P. A. 1995. Theoretical Evaluation Of The Vapor Compression Cycle With A Liquid-Line/Suction-Line Heat Exchanger, Economizer, And Ejector, National Institute Of Standards And Technology. Elhaj, M., Gu, F., Ball, A., Albarbar, A., Al-Qattan, M. Naid, A. 2008. Numerical Simulation And Experimental Study Of A Two-Stage Reciprocating Compressor For Condition Monitoring. Mechanical Systems And Signal Processing, 22, 374-389. Garvey, S., Logan, S., Rowe, R. Little, W. 1983. Performance Characteristics Of A Low?Flow Rate 25 Mw, Ln2 JouleThomson Refrigerator Fabricated By Photolithographic Means. Applied Physics Letters, 42, 1048-1050. Hassanain, M., Elgendy, E. Fatouh, M. 2015. Ejector Expansion Refrigeration System: Ejector Design And Performance Evaluation. International Journal Of Refrigeration, 58, 1-13. J Steven Brown Phd, P. 2009. Hfos: New, Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants. Ashrae Journal, 51, 22. Kornhauser, A. A. 1990. The Use Of An Ejector As A Refrigerant Expander. Kreider, J. F. Kreith, F. 1975. Solar Heating And Cooling: Engineering, Practical Design, And Economics. University Of Colorado; Environmental Consulting Services Inc., Boulder, Co. Laguerre, O., Derens, E. Palagos, B. 2002. Study Of Domestic Refrigerator Temperature And Analysis Of Factors Affecting Temperature: A French Survey. International Journal Of Refrigeration, 25, 653-659. Lunde, P. J. 1980. Solar Thermal Engineering: Space Heating And Hot Water Systems. Nagy, K. Krmendi, K. 2012. Use Of Renewable Energy Sources In Light Of The New Energy Strategy For Europe 20112020. Applied Energy, 96, 393-399. Nakamura, M. 1992. Receiver Tank. Google Patents. Philip, S. Russell, A. E. 1950. Heat Pump System. Google Patents. Pita, E. G. 1984. Refrigeration Principles And Systems: An Energy Approach. Selba?, R., K?z?lkan, . ?encan, A. 2006. Thermoeconomic Optimization Of Subcooled And Superheated Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle. Energy, 31, 2108-2128. Xirouchaki, N., Kondili, E., Vaporidi, K., Xirouchakis, G., Klimathianaki, M., Gavriilidis, G., Alexandopoulou, E., Plataki, M., Alexopoulou, C. Georgopoulos, D. 2008. Proportional Assist Ventilation With Load-Adjustable Gain Factors In Critically Ill Patients: Comparison With Pressure Support. Intensive Care Medicine, 34, 2026-2034. Yu, J., Ren, Y., Chen, H. Li, Y. 2007. Applying Mechanical Subcooling To Ejector Refrigeration Cycle For Improving The Coefficient Of Performance. Energy Conversion And Management, 48, 1193-1199.

Positive Learning Environment free essay sample

Positive Learning Environment Positive learning environments support the developmental needs of students not only academically but also socially and personally. Students thrive in environments where they feel safe amongst their peers, comfortable amongst themselves, nurtured and respected, and motivated to learn. All students, even those who have learning difficulties and personal challenges, can do well when they are physically comfortable, mentally motivated, and emotionally supported.Creating a positive learning environment will optimize student learning, help you build a cohesive classroom community, and create a pleasant work environment for both you and your students. Since students are unique individuals and come from a variety of backgrounds and experiences, a positive environment may not occur naturally but require careful planning and nurturing from the teacher and other educators. Respectful relationships are just one factor for maintaining positive environments. The key for creating positive environments starts at the top levels, modeled via principals to classroom teachers and through to the individual learners. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Learning Environment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A simple assessment of our own environment will help educators to determine some of the factors to consider by asking the questions below, to determine whether we promote a comfortable, supportive, safe, peaceful, and positive environment: 1. How have you fostered the creation and advancement of an engaging learning community and effective learning environment? . Do you create a positive learning environment where students feel valued, prepared to leave their comfort zone, and willing to ask questions? 3. Is your school a place where all feel calm, at ease, and secure? Or are there times when the behaviors of some may lead others to feel agitated, threatened, or ridiculed? 4. Is it a place where all students are able to express personal ideas, views, and feel valued and encouraged?Or are there times when the behaviors of some may lead others to feel awkward, useless, or misunderstood? 5. Is it a place where all people feel respected, feel they can be themselves, that their personal identity – sexuality, gender, age, ethnicity, culture and faith will be honored, that they can express different ideas or views? Or are there times when the behaviors of some may lead others to feel anxious, self-doubting, or vulnerable? 6. Is your school a place where all people feel calm, confident, ree from harm (emotional, mental as well as physical) and know that others are sensitive to their individual needs? Or are there times when the behaviors of some people may lead others to feel in danger, vulnerable, afraid, nervous or violated? 7. Is your school a place where all people feel confident, encouraged, and optimistic? Or are there times when the behaviors of some people may lead others to feel: negative, put-down, in danger, pessimistic, gloomy, unenthusiastic, distrustful and violated.

Free Essays on Fall Of The Republic

Roman Republic’s Demise The Roman republic was a system of government, which gave most of its power to their officials and the senate. The senate was composed of aristocrats who generally ran the government with the approval of the consuls, 2 officials who held president-like positions and were voted in by the senate for a one-year term. Under the consuls were the financial officers called quaestors. Next in power would be the preators, who were in charge of military campaigns, and were elected in for one year, but were allowed an extended stay in office during times of war. Next, under the preators where the censors, who’s position was to classify the wealth and tax status of the population. Though this duty was originally the consuls’, it was handed down to the censors. However, because the republic was run by the aristocratic senate and government officials, the plebeians, or peasants, could not productively participate in their government. This caused the republic to be chaotic, and often violent between the aristocracy and the lower class population. So since the republics inception in 509 B.C. to its demise with the accession of Octavian as Augustus Caesar, in 27B.C. the republic was often in turmoil. As Octavian rose as a figure of power, he saw the benefits of a republic, but also the chaos, and was determined to find a better path of rule. After becoming a consul, he preached to restore the republic to glory, yet being deceptus, or sly, he secretly plots to form the government into a monarchy. Octavian then formed a new senate, which was composed of members who he personally appointed. He then bestowed upon the senate his power, which he fully expected them to return. As he had expected, the senate humbly returned his favor, giving him even more supremacy then he had started with. After receiving this abundant amount of authority the senate named him Augustus Caesar, or leader king. Though the governme... Free Essays on Fall Of The Republic Free Essays on Fall Of The Republic Roman Republic’s Demise The Roman republic was a system of government, which gave most of its power to their officials and the senate. The senate was composed of aristocrats who generally ran the government with the approval of the consuls, 2 officials who held president-like positions and were voted in by the senate for a one-year term. Under the consuls were the financial officers called quaestors. Next in power would be the preators, who were in charge of military campaigns, and were elected in for one year, but were allowed an extended stay in office during times of war. Next, under the preators where the censors, who’s position was to classify the wealth and tax status of the population. Though this duty was originally the consuls’, it was handed down to the censors. However, because the republic was run by the aristocratic senate and government officials, the plebeians, or peasants, could not productively participate in their government. This caused the republic to be chaotic, and often violent between the aristocracy and the lower class population. So since the republics inception in 509 B.C. to its demise with the accession of Octavian as Augustus Caesar, in 27B.C. the republic was often in turmoil. As Octavian rose as a figure of power, he saw the benefits of a republic, but also the chaos, and was determined to find a better path of rule. After becoming a consul, he preached to restore the republic to glory, yet being deceptus, or sly, he secretly plots to form the government into a monarchy. Octavian then formed a new senate, which was composed of members who he personally appointed. He then bestowed upon the senate his power, which he fully expected them to return. As he had expected, the senate humbly returned his favor, giving him even more supremacy then he had started with. After receiving this abundant amount of authority the senate named him Augustus Caesar, or leader king. Though the governme...

GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (GFP) Essays

GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (GFP) Essays GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (GFP) Essay GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (GFP) Essay GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN ( GFP ) MUTANTS WITH ALTERED FLUORESCENCE INTENSITY AND EMMISSION SPECTRA Introduction: Now-a-days GFP is making revolution in the field of scientific discipline by its applications and properties.GFP is a stable protein extracted from the exposure variety meats of the jellyfish Aequoria Victoria by Shimomura et Al in 1962. In 1992 the cloning of GFP has done. It is found in a assortment of cnidarians ( both Hydrozoa and Anthozoa ) and it emits light by using energy from the Ca2+ activated photoprotein aequorin [ 1 ] . Energy transportation and the emanation spectra of GFP can be affected by dimerization. Structure of GFP is cylindrical ?-can construction and has a chromophore located centrally. The chromophore is responsible for the fluorescence and the formation is independent of species but chiefly depends on O. GFP is a little protein and has been made up of 238 aminic acids. Deletion of any seven amino acids either from C-terminus or N-terminus may ensue in the loss of fluorescence. Amino acerb replacing is responsible for the alteration in colors of GFP. It has a molecular weight of 27 KDa and has an soaking up scope at 488 nanometer and an emanation scope at 509 nanometer. It can carry through high temperatures ( 65 ?c ) and basic PH scope of 6-12 [ 2 ] . Increase in PH consequences in the lessening of fluorescence. Increase in the fluorescence and exposure stableness can be achieved by individual point mutant at S65T. Fluorophore of the GFP is generated by utilizing auto-catalytic procedure of uninterrupted mechanisms. Visible excitement is one of the optical belongingss of GFP. Its derived functions are produced from the mutagenesis experiments like random and directed mutagenesis [ 3 ] . GFP is majorly used as a newsman in showing cistrons. Protein and chromophore folding besides constitutes as a major advantage of GFP. It can besides be used in protein merger by using recombinant DNA engineering. : Aim of this research is to analyse belongingss of GFP by cloning, mutants, look of proteins and purification. Aims of this research are to sub-clone GFP into a vector and mutants are carried out by assorted mutagenesis experiments followed by look of proteins and purification. Finally after purification belongingss are analyzed. Materials and methods: Initially DNA is isolated and GFPuv is sub-cloned into the pET28c vector from pET23 plasmid by speectrophotometric analysis. 5 µg of pET23GFPuv DNA is digested by utilizing NdeI and HindIII limitation enzymes. And the digests are analysed by utilizing Agarose gel cataphoresis. GFP fragment is extracted and purified utilizing QIA speedy gel extraction kit from QIAGEN and the cured DNA is estimated. Recombinant protein is expressed in E.coli by ligation and transmutation. To corroborate the presence of GFP in the pET28c plasmid, settlement PCR is used. Further mutagenesis experiments are carried out by planing oligonucleotide primers which will change the spectral belongingss of the protein. Complementary primers incorporating same mutants are generated. Mutagenic primers are prepared with a liquescent temperature of ? 78?C, length between 25 and 45 bases and primers longer than 45 bases are by and large used. Introduction and designation of mutants within GFPuv cistron: Mutants are created in the GFPuv insert by site-directed mutagenesis Site-directed mutagenesis: 5 µl 10 ten PCR buffer 5 µl 20 millimeter dNTP mixes 15 ng GFPuv-pET28c templet Deoxyribonucleic acid 125ng oligonucleotide primer F+ 125ng oligonucleotide primer R+ 2 µl 25mM MgSo4 32 µl unfertile H2O 1 µl KOD hot start polymerase ( 1U/ µl ) * All the above are added to 0.2ml PCR tubings and incubated in a PCR machine for 24 rhythms: 94?C 30s 94?C 30s 55?C 1min 68?C 4min 20s 68?C 10 min * Reaction is so kept on ice for 2 min and 1 µl ( 1U ) of Dpn1 is added and incubated for 60 min at 37?C Alliance of amino acid sequences is carried out utilizing: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/clustalw2/index.html Merchandise of site-directed mutagenesis ( pET28c DNA ) is transformed into XL-1 supercompetent cells. Transformed settlements are extracted utilizing QIAprep Mini prep kit Qiagen [ 5 ] . Concentration and pureness can be checked by utilizing Agarose gel cataphoresis. For this 5 µl of plasmid readying and 10U HindIII are digested at 37?C for 1h. Sequencing is so carried out by utilizing 10 µl of Deoxyribonucleic acid at a concentration of 50ng/ µl. E.coli BL21 ( DE3 ) cells are prepared and are transformed into the pET28cGFPuv plasmid for look Auto-induction method: Wild type protein ( GFPuv ) and the mutant protein are expressed in the look vector [ BL21 ( DE3 ) ] utilizing auto-induction method. For this transformed settlements are inoculated into 3ml of LB-1D + antibiotic media and incubated at 37?C at 300 RPM for 6 hour and O.D is taken. Inoculum is taken into the flask incorporating SB-5052 auto-induction medium along with antibiotic and incubated at 28?C at 300 RPM for 20 hour. Cultures are so cooled for 1 hour. Entire induced sample is prepared by taking 100 µl of chilling civilization and 900 µl of SB-5052 media. Cells are so pelletized by centrifugating it with both entire induced and non-induced samples and are resuspended in 100 µl of SDS-PAGE ( Na dodecyl sulfate ( SDS ) polyacrylamide gel cataphoresis ( PAGE ) ) sample buffer. 12 % of polyacrylamide gel is prepared and the Soluble and indissoluble samples are prepared by cell fractional process utilizing BUGBUSTER. For this 1 µl of DNAase1 is used along with reagents. Cell suspension is so centrifuged at 13000rpm for 20mins. Supernatant is so used as soluble sample and indissoluble is prepared by resuspending the pellet in 2ml binding buffer. SDS-PAGE buffer and binding buffer are added to the soluble and indissoluble fractions. At 95?C all samples are heated for 5 min. Gel is so loaded as: Molecular weight standard-5 µl Uninduced sample 5 µl Induced entire sample 5 µl Soluble sample 5 µl Gel has to run for 1 hour. And is transfered to a box of Coomassie blue discoloration. Western blotting: GFP protein presence can be verified utilizing western blotting technique. Protein samples are foremost seperated by SDS-PAGE and are transferred to the nitrocellulose membrane. GFP edge to nitrocellulose membrane is so visualised by incubating the smudge with His-probe which is linked to a HRP ( Equus caballus radish peroxidase ) enzyme ( HisprobeTM-HRP solution is diluted to 1:5000 ( 1 µl in 5ml ) ) . His-tag of GFP protein is bound to examine. Smudges are kept in TBST and investigations and therefore investigations are visualised by chemiluminescence and these are photographed by chemiluminescent reader. Ni-NTA chromatography: His labeled GFP can be purified by Ni-NTA ( nickel nitrilo triacetic acid ) chromatography method. In this, sample of soluble protein is loaded on column packed agarose rosin and the non-specific protein binding is removed by rinsing rosin with buffer and is eluted by high concentrated iminazole of elution buffer. After elution the purification of protein is done by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie staining. The concentration of the protein is measured by Bradford check. Fluorimetry and mass spectroscopy: Properties of GFPuv protein are analysed by Fluorimetry and mass spectrometry. Fluorimetry: In this wavelength and strength of a molecule at specific wavelength are measured utilizing fluorimeters. Perkin Elmer LS50B is the fluorimeter used to mensurate GFP. Quartz cuvettes are placed in a chamber to mensurate the concentration and strength. The parametric quantities set to mensurate GFP are: Excitement 440nm Emission 460-550nm Slit widths 4 and 4 Accretion 5 20 µg/ml of protein concentration is used. The emanation and excitor wavelengths are set at 509nm and 395nm. Mass spectroscopy: GFPuv belongingss and molecular mass can be analysed by mass spectrometry. The type of mass spectrometry used here is electron spray ionisation ( ESI ) . ESI is a type of atmospheric force per unit area ionization technique ( API ) which is used for biochemical analysis. JEOL HX110/HX110A equipped with electron ion beginning tandem mass spectrometers are used to analyze structural belongingss [ 7 ] . 1-10 pmol/ µl of protein concentration is used. Solvents used are: MeOH MeCN TFA During ionization sample is dissolved in a dissolver and is pumped through a steel capillary at a rate of 1 µl/min and electromotive force of 3 or 4KV is applied [ 8 ] . Ion current is amplified by the sensor and the information system will enter signals in the signifier of mass spectrum. Consequence: Site-directed mutagenesis: Primers used for site directed mutagenesis ( Mutant ) Forward primer: 5-CACTTGTCACTACTTTCTCTTGGGGTGTTCAATGCTTTTCC-3 Rearward primer: 5-GGAAAAGCATTGAACACCCCAAGAGAAAGTAGTGACAAGTG-3 Alliance of the amino acerb sequence of the mutation with the GFPuv amino acid sequence GFPuv MSKGEELFTGVVPILVELDGDVNGHKFSVSGEGEGDATYGKLTLKFICTTGKLPVPWPTL 60 mGFPuv MSKGEELFTGVVPILVELDGDVNGHKFSVSGEGEGDATYGKLTLKFICTTGKLPVPWPTL 60 ************************************************************ GFPuv VTTFSYGVQCFSRYPDHMKRHDFFKSAMPEGYVQERTISFKDDGNYKTRAEVKFEGDTLV 120 mGFPuv VTTFSWGVQCFSRYPDHMKRHDFFKSAMPEGYVQERTISFKDDGNYKTRAEVKFEGDTLV 120 ***** : ****************************************************** Y66W GFPuv NRIELKGIDFKEDGNILGHKLEYNYNSHNVYITADKQKNGIKANFKIRHNIEDGSVQLAD 180 mGFPuv NRIELKGIDFKEDGNILGHKLEYNYNSHNVYITADKQKNGIKANFKIRHNIEDGSVQLAD 180 ************************************************************ GFPuv HYQQNTPIGDGPVLLPDNHYLSTQSALSKDPNEKRDHMVLLEFVTAAGITHGMDELYK- 238 mGFPuv HYQQNTPIGDGPVLLPDNHYLSTQSALSKDPNEKRDHMVLLEFVTAAGITHGMDELYK- 238 ********************************************************** Amino acerb permutation: Y66W Belongs to Class 5, indole in chromophore ( bluish green fluorescent proteins ) [ 6 ] eCFP CATATGAGTAAAGGAGAAGAACTTTTCACTGGAGTTGTCCCAATTCTTGTTGAATTAGAT 60 GFP -ATGAGTAAAGGAGAAGAACTTTTCACTGGAGTTGTCCCAATTCTTGTTGAATTAGAT 57 ********************************************************* eCFP GGTGATGTTAATGGGCACAAATTTTCTGTCAGTGGAGAGGGTGAAGGTGATGCAACATAC 120 GFP GGTGATGTTAATGGGCACAAATTTTCTGTCAGTGGAGAGGGTGAAGGTGATGCAACATAC 117 ************************************************************ eCFP GGAAAACTTACCCTTAAATTTATTTGCACTACTGGAAAACTACCTGTTCCATGGCCAACA 180 GFP GGAAAACTTACCCTTAAATTTATTTGCACTACTGGAAAACTACCTGTTCCATGGCCAACA 177 ************************************************************ eCFP CTTGTCACTACTTTCTCTTGGGGTGTTCAATGCTTTTCCCGTTATCCGGATCACATGAAA 240 GFP CTTGTCACTACTTTCTCTTATGGTGTTCAATGCTTTTCCCGTTATCCGGATCATATGAAA 237 ******************* ******************************** ****** Mutant eCFP CGGCATGACTTTTTCAAGAGTGCCATGCCCGAAGGTTATGTACAGGAACGCACTATATCT 300 GFP CGGCATGACTTTTTCAAGAGTGCCATGCCCGAAGGTTATGTACAGGAACGCACTATATCT 297 ************************************************************ eCFP TTCAAAGATGACGGGAACTACAAGACGCGTGCTGAAGTCAAGTTTGAAGGTGATACCCTT 360 GFP TTCAAAGATGACGGGAACTACAAGACGCGTGCTGAAGTCAAGTTTGAAGGTGATACCCTT 357 ************************************************************ eCFP GTTAATCGTATCGAGTTAAAAGGTATTGATTTTAAAGAAGATGGAAACATTCTCGGACAC 420 GFP GTTAATCGTATCGAGTTAAAAGGTATTGATTTTAAAGAAGATGGAAACATTCTCGGACAC 417 ************************************************************ eCFP AAACTCGAGTACAACTATAACTCACACAATGTATACATCACGGCAGACAAACAAAAGAAT 480 GFP AAACTCGAGTACAACTATAACTCACACAATGTATACATCACGGCAGACAAACAAAAGAAT 477 ************************************************************ eCFP GGAATCAAAGCT 492 GFP GGAATCAAAGCTAACTTCAAAATTCGCCACAACATTGAAGATGGATCCGTTCAACTAGCA 537 ************ eCFP GFP GACCATTATCAACAAAATACTCCAATTGGCGATGGCCCTGTCCTTTTACCAGACAACCAT 597 eCFP GFP TACCTGTCGACACAATCTGCCCTTTCGAAAGATCCCAACGAAAAGCGTGACCACATGGTC 657 eCFP GFP CTTCTTGAGTTTGTAACTGCTGCTGGGATTACACATGGCATGGATGAGCTCTACAAATAA 717 SDS-PAGE: Coomassie staining gel of ( Sample 6 ) : Marker GFP protein ( soluble sample ) Western blotting ( Sample 11 ) : Induced entire sample GFP protein Ni-NTA chromatography: Fluorimetry: Mass spectroscopy: Wild-type: Mutant: Discussion: Site-directed mutagenesis: In the site-directed mutagenesis mutant is carried out at the right topographic point i.e. , at 197 and 198 topographic points. Tyrosine ( TAT ) is mutated to tryptophan ( TGG ) , Y W. During this mutant protein undergoes many alterations particularly in the fluorescence. GFP turns into CFP ( Cyan fluorescent protein ) hence the visible radiation emitted will non be precisely green. CFP will hold many curious characteristics like instead than individual excitement and emanation extremums it possess double hunching. Tag CFP possess some belongingss like: Structure monomer Molecular weight 27KDa Polypeptide length 239aa Fluorescence coloring material Cyan Maximal excitement 458nm Maximal emanation 480nm Excitation coefficient 37000M-1 cm-1 Pka 4.7 Quantum yield 0.57 Brightness 21.1 Brightness is produced by the quantum output and extinction coefficient. Double color visual image of the protein expressed is enabled by the CFP. This has led to the Fluorescence Resonance Energy Development ( FRET ) . SDS-PAGE: SDS-PAGE is carried out to divide proteins harmonizing to their cataphoretic mobility and experimental repetitions will ensue in the pureness appraisal of the protein. Four Wellss are loaded with samples and 2 and 4 Wellss show protein consequence and as 1 and 3 Wellss do nt incorporate protein they will be normal without any sets. Consequences shows that small sum of GFP has been observed in the indissoluble and big sum of protein has been observed in the soluble sample. Uninduced sample can non happen GFP. Western-blotting: Western-blot is performed to do certain the presence of protein. Histidine tagged investigation is added to corroborate the protein nowadays was GFP or non. pET28c plasmid contains T7 RNA polymerase booster sequence. But this booster is blocked by the represser. Hence lactose incorporating medium is required for E.coli growing. Because milk sugar is used as C beginning, glucose is converted into allolactose. This allolactose will adhere to repressor by unblocking booster, and expresses GFP. Hence presence of glucose will ensue in Lac-I and is binds to the operator. Band observed in the smudge is likely GFP and it has high degree of strength after initiation. And it is necessary to corroborate this by executing blotting technique utilizing His investigation to observe His labeled GFP. Sets are observed in the induced and soluble samples after executing western blotting corroborating the presence of GFP. Ni-NTA chromatography: Purification of GFP can be done by Ni-NTA chromatography. For a recombinant protein the amino acid adhering site with 6 or more His residues in a row acts as metal adhering site. So hexa-his sequence is called as His-tag. His-tag sequence is present in the N-terminal of the mark protein and is located in the booster part adjacently to the GFP cistron. During this procedure enzyme HRP is besides bound to the investigation. This HRP-probe will respond with luminal 4 peroxidase buffer which is further used for sublimating GFP by Ni-NTA chromatography. Purification by His-tagged GFP can be done by utilizing several methods like Ni2+-poly ( 2 acetomidoacrylic acid ) hydrogel. Supplanting of GFP can be done by adhering Ni to imidazole. This is chiefly because of high affinity of Ni towards imidazole compared to GFP.Distinctive sets are supposed to detect in the elute1, elute 2 and besides in the entire soluble fraction. Bands formed states the presence of the GFP mutation. Absence of the s ets states mutant absence. In the consequences sets are observed at the sum induced and the soluble samples which province the protein presence. Even little sums of sets are besides observed in the indissoluble sample. GFP protein produced in the induced entire sample is about at 27KDa. Little sets are observed in the indissoluble sample as it may be because of some drosss. Finally the GFP protein has been detected. Mentions: 1. Davenport D, Nichol JAC: Luminescence in Hydromedusae. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B 1955, 144:399-411 2. Ward. W. , Prentice, H. , Roth, A. Cody. C. and Reeeves.S.1982.Spectral disturbances of the Aequoria green fluorescent protein. Photochem. Photobiol. 35:803-808 3. Cormack, B. P. , Valdivia, R. H. , Falkow, S. ( 1996 ) . FACS-optimized mutations of the green fluorescent protein ( GFP ) . Gene, In imperativeness 4. Darelle Thomson, Greg Smith. ( 2001 ) .PCR-based plasmid vector building for coevals of recombinant viruses. Journal of Virological Methods 94, 7-14 5. Vogelstein, B. , and Gillespie, D. ( 1979 ) Preparative and analytical purification of Deoxyribonucleic acid from agarose. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 615-619. 6. HEIM, R. , PRASHER, D. C. A ; TSIEN, R. Y. 1994. Wavelength Mutations and Posttranslational Autoxidation of Green Fluorescent Protein. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 12501-12504. 7. HARUKI NIWA, SATOSHI INOUYE et, al. , Chemical nature of the light emitter of the Aequorea green fluorescent protein. Vol. 93, pp. 13617-13622, November 1996. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 8. â€Å"Mass Spectroscopy: A Foundation Course† , K. Downard, Royal Society of Chemistry, UK, 2004.

The High Cost of Cool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The High Cost of Cool - Essay Example It is explained in the video that what the popular culture industry does is doing â€Å"whatever works †¦ with most people† (â€Å"The MTV Machine†). The â€Å"prematurely adult† nature of both the â€Å"mook† and the â€Å"midriff† is a way of giving shape to a consumer at a youngest possible age (â€Å"The Midriff†). And on the other hand, the â€Å"mook† and â€Å"midriff† become the ultimate images of youth (â€Å"The Midriff†). These two terminologies have been explained in the below-given description: The â€Å"mook† is a hopelessly immature male whose grotesque and inappropriate antics are elebrated for their transgressions, whereas the â€Å"midriff† is a female sexualized beyond her years whose emotional immaturity makes her ripe for inclusion of fantasies for sexual exploration (Ladousa, 51). This self-images propagated among the youth have an influence of their own on the young people but youth culture is too complex a matter to be controlled merely by specific media-promoted self-images. But still the young people are prone to such stereotyped imagery, to an extent. Natoli has called attention to the fact that the present generation in the US has been called the â€Å"Mook and Midriff Generation† (93). Especially, the â€Å"mook† and â€Å"midriff† culture has a patriarchal message that tells a girl that â€Å"your body is your best asset† (â€Å"Midriff†). The threat that these images pose to the youth in terms of stereotyping is that â€Å"your son or daughter, and grandson or granddaughter is getting hammered with the pressure to be a mook or a midriff† (Pratt, 28). It can be seen that though the â€Å"mook† and â€Å"midriff† images are time bound, they are going to have an impact on the teenagers and the chil dren who grow up every moment exposed to the media images of

United States vs. Antoine Jones Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

United States vs. Antoine Jones - Article Example As the discussion highlights United States vs. Antoine Jones is a case that looks at the government’s ability to conduct warrantless GPS tracking, in the case of a suspected criminal vehicle. The case looks into partial elements of the fourth amendment, and the case would have an impact on cases that related to the use of technological advances in investigations and the techniques used by the police in assessing potential criminals.This paper discussses that the Supreme Court has reviewed the D.C. circuit’s perception on privacy, which was interesting. D.C. Circuit stated that the case did not challenge the nature of warrantless GPS tracking, stating that it did not intrude on any case of privacy. They considered it a broader measure of law enforcement techniques. D.C. circuit stated that it was a discrete method of collecting discrete public information for a given period. Â  The case may be evidential as to how the law enforcement agencies over-step their boundary, c oncerning ethical and law adhering elements of operation. There was a clear violation of the laws, and they were done in a way that suggests that the agents were acting in accordance to personal judgment, rather than following the parameters that have been established by the law. It serves to prove that the law enforcement agencies operate above the rather than follow the established components that rules and regulations of the United States.

Law for Non Lawyer Essay Example for Free

Law for Non Lawyer Essay As for one action, no matter it is legal or not is not only matches the law clauses, but also complies with the legal principle. Legal principle plays a vital role in the society. In the situation that the existing law would not have the ability to solve the new problems happened in the society, the legal principle can play a part in solving the problem. As for these situations that there are no explicit legal rules to solve the issue, the legal principle would take it. As for the relationship of the agent, the agent can represent the principal to do some things. Even if the contract is formed by the agent and the third party, the principal should take the responsibility finally. Body The Lawï ¼Å' unlike other rules, it is a symbol of authority and power. It relies on the compelling force of the state by different means of punishment. The law can be taking into many different forms, such as public law and private law, civil law and criminal law, common law and statute law, and so on. Public Law regulates the relations between citizens, companies and private associations on the one hand and the state on the other. Generally speaking, public law consists of Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Criminal Law. Private law regulates the relations between citizens, companies and private associations, such as tort law, contract law, land law, commercial law, and so on. Therefore, the law would play a role of guidance to people. For example, according to the criminal law, we can know what we can do and what we can not do. Under the press of the law, based on the fear of the punishment, we can prevent ourselves from committing a crime. Taking contract law for another example, the parties of the contract should bear the responsibility ruled in the contract. The unconstrained agreement is the basic element to a contract. Every party of the contract should comply with the quest ruled by the contract law. As for the application of common law, the judges should follow the previous decisions made in the process of the development of the law through doctrine of precedent. On the contrary, statute law is the laws made by the parliament. As for the use of the law in daily life, legal principle is one of the most important parts. At some situations, the application of the legal principle is more important than the legal clauses themselves. Due to the rapid development of the society and the economy, the evolution of the law can not keep up with the pace of the society and economy. In a result, in some cases, the existing law would not have the ability to solve the new problems happened in the society. So, as for these situations that there are no explicit legal rules to solve the issue, the legal principle is playing a vital role. According to the opinion of Leslie Green, another reason for the use of the legal principle is that law may be beneficial, but only in some contexts and always at a price, at the risk of grave injustice.[1] In general, the legal principle is formed in the process of the development of the law, experiencing a long history. It is always absorb the beneficial historical sources and develop into a useful material to match the need of the modern society for the law. It also develops to apply from an area to another area.[2] There are many legal principles can be used in our daily life. Such as the principle that everyone is equal before the law, signing a contract freely, protecting the public order and good morals, and so on. In the case of the background, although the action asking the friends to attend the party is match the rule of the law of the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, Derek violates the legal principle of protecting the public order and good morals. As a result, Derek should take some responsibility in the civil law. In the case, Ray, the Manager of a builder’s merchants, asks Derek, a Sales Assistant at the same workplace, to keep an eye on his 5-acre smallholding while he is on holiday in Spain. Derek emails a few of his friends to attend his 21st birthday party in a disused barn on Ray’s farm land. Due to a technical error, the email was sent to his entire email address book. Over 600 people arrive at the party and a neighbor farmer calls the police complaining about the noise. Derek is arrested for breach of the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties Act 2010. For the Act, it applies to a gathering of more than a hundred people on land for a social purpose in which it is likely that alcohol will be consumed. It is a criminal offence to organize such a gathering without the permission of a local magistrate unless the organizer is an exempt person. (James B. Crippin, Jerry Ahern. Peter Squires. 2011) For the birthday party, it gathers over 600 people, it is up to the mustard of rally, that is, (1) particular majority participate; (2) participants have a more consistent motivation and purpose; (3) in the course, it has the serious violations, damage to public order, harm public safety or others. So, it needs to receive the permission of a local magistrate, otherwise, it will violate the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties Act 2010. From the case of the background, we can see Derek and Ray form an oral contract and an agent relationship. In general, a contract is formed at the basic of the mutual assent between the parties.[3] According to the view of Miguel Pickard, the relationship formed among the people is aim at the interests of the parties.[4] The agent relationship formed between Derek and Ray is a typical example. In the stage of the leave of Ray, Derek, as the agent of Ray, would gain some rights as well as some responsibilities. Agent is formed by two parties: the agent, the principal. In the sense of the law, the relationship of agent has three parties: agent, principal and the third party. An agent is the one who is empowered to represent the principal to do some things, either implied or expressly. In the real life, although the contract is signed by the agent and the third party, in fact, the legal relation is created between the principal and the third party. An agency is formed either by express agreement or by implied agreement. In general, the relationship of agent formed by implied agreement is shaped in some necessary or emergent situations or shaped by custom. Such as a person entrusts with others’ property, need to preserve immediately, impossible or extraordinarily difficult to communicate with the principal. Once two people create the agent relationship and publish to public by words or other forms, this means that the third party has the evidence t believe their agent relationship. The agent and the principal can not deny the relationship casually. If the third party believes one person who is actually no authority to represent the principal is the agent of the principal and do some trade or sign an agreement with this person, the principal can ratify the authority afterwards. But there are some limiting conditions for the ratification: the principal who should have the contractual capacity must be informed of all the fac ts of the agency and ratify the authority during a reasonable time; the ratification must be of the entire contract and can be inferred. As long as the authority is ratified, the relation formed between the agent and the third party is binding to the principal.[5]As for the agent relationship, all of the parties should take their own responsibility and enjoy the right. The agent should follow the principal’s instructions. The agent can not make profits in the name of the principal for himself secretly. In general, the right of the agent to represent the principal is limited. If the agent makes profits secretly making use of the benefit of the principal, it is illegal.[6] In order to serve for the principal, the agent would ask for remuneration from the principal. The agent has right to ask for indemnity and reimbursement from the principal as long as injured or hurt during the stage of agency. Once the principal tries to avoid the liability, the agent enjoys the right of lien. The principal should make explicit authority to the agent and give relevant reward to the agent. If the agent does not represent the principal as the follow of the principal, the principal can use some remedies, such as refuse to pay the agent, sue for damage, ask the agent to recover the thing as before. The most important legal effect of the agent relationship is that the principal should take the responsibility of the acts of the agent. In the case of the background, the action of the agent of purchasing the apartment is binding to the principal. The principal should take the responsibility for the agent action. The trade made by the agent and the third party is binding to the principal.[7] In general, the principal is not always disclosing. As for the disclosed principal, the principal is bound by any contract unless the following situations: the agent exceeds their authority, the agent agrees to be liable and the principal is non existent. With respect to the undisclosed principal, the third party can choose one or more to take the liability, while the principal can sue unless the identity of the party is essential to the contract. The agent relationship can be terminated for many reasons. The agent and the principal can make an agreement to end the relationship. The relationship also can be ended by other legal reasons, such as the death of one of the agent or the principal, time is expiring, and so on. In the case of the background, Derek, as the agent of Ray, gets some rights authorized by Ray. Derek can use the smallholding in reasonable means. Although Derek does not need to take the Criminal responsibility, he should bear the civil liability for his action which affects the normal life of the neighborhood around the smallholding. But, according the law about the agent, the principal Ray would be the first defendant. After Ray bears the responsibility for the action of Derek, Ray can ask for Derek to undertake the liability for his action. According to the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, this Act applies to a gathering of more than a hundred people on land for a social purpose. But it is a criminal offence to organize a gathering if there is without the permission of a local magistrate unless the organizer is an exempt person. In the act, the exempt person means the occupier, any member of his family or his employee or agent of his. In the case of the background, Ray asks Derek to keep an eye on his 5-acre smallholding while he is on holiday in Spain. According to the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, as the agent of Ray during his holiday in Spain, Derek in entitled to use the smallholding for some purpose. In order to celebrate the twenty-first birthday, Derek asks his friend to attend the party is match the provisions of the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010. Even if Derek does not gain the permission of a local magistrate, he also has the right to hold the party at the reason that he is an exempt person. The reason why Derek is an exempt person is that Derek becomes the agent of Ray in the period of Ray’s leave due to the agreement of both parties. However, even if the action of Derek to ask his friends to attend the party is comply with the quest of the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, Conclusion In general, on action can infringe several laws. At the same time, one action is punished either it does not comply with the provision of the law or it does not match the legal principle. At some situations, legal principle plays a vital role in the society. In the situation that the existing law would not have the ability to solve the new problems happened in the society, the legal principle can play a part in solving the problem. As for these situations that there are no explicit legal rules to solve the issue, the legal principle would take it. As for the relationship of the agent, the agent can represent the principal to do some things. Even if the contract is formed by the agent and the third party, the principal should take the responsibility finally. Just as the case in the background, Derek should take the responsibility for his action. Reference ï ¼â€  Bibliography [1] Bolton Partners v Lambert (1889) 41 Ch D 295 [2] Christina Maria Vogerl, â€Å"Unfair Terms in Standard Form Contracts†, European Master Program in Law Economics. [3] Leslie Green, â€Å"the concept of law revisited†, Michigan Law Review, vol.94; 1687 [4] Lloyd Grace, Smith Co [1912] AC 716 [5] Lunghi v Sinclair [1966] WAR 172 [6] Miguel, P 2007,‘reflections on relationships: the nature of partnership according to five NGOs in southern Mexico’, Development in Practice, volume 17, numbers 4-5 [7] P. J. du Plessis, â€Å"The Creation of Legal Principle†, Roman Legal Tradition, 4 (2008), 46–69, ISSN 1943-6483 [8] James B. Crippin, Jerry Ahern. Peter Squires. (2011). â€Å"First Response to Bombing Incidents and Weapons of Mass Destruction†. Chemical Rubber Company Press. [9] Aled Griffiths, â€Å"How are statutes interpreted?†, page617, Law for Non-Lawyers, Second Edition, ISBN 978-0-85776-696-0 [1] Leslie Green, â€Å"the concept of law revisited†, Michigan Law Review, vol.94;1687 [2] P. J. du Plessis, â€Å"The Creation of Legal Principle†, Roman Legal Tradition, 4 (2008), 46–69, ISSN 1943-6483 [3] Christina Maria Vogerl,â€Å"-$%01234;@EFLRWX_hiwxyÃ… ½Ãƒ µÃƒ ¬Ãƒ  Ãƒ ¬Ãƒ µÃƒ ¬Ãƒ µÃƒâ€Ãƒ ¬Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¬Ã‚ ³Ã‚ §Ã…“? ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ³{ ³m ³aTD ³h–à ¬hà a «5?CJ aJ mHh ´Chà a «5?CJ aJ h–à ¬hà a «5?CJ aJ o([pic]hßshà a «5?CJ aJ hà a «5?CJ aJ Unfair Terms in Standard Form Contracts†, European Master Program in Law Economics. [4] Miguel, P 2007,â€Å"reflections on relationships: the nature of partnership according to five NGOs in southern Mexico†, Development in Practice, volume 17, numbers 4-5 [5] Bolton Partners v Lambert (1889) 41 Ch D 295 [6] Lunghi v Sinclair [1966] WAR 172 [7] Lloyd Grace, Smith Co [1912] AC 716

Asperger’s Syndrome Essay examples -- Health, Diseases

Asperger’s syndrome is becoming more and more common as time goes by. Each year, more children are being diagnosed. This paper focuses on Asperger’s Syndrome and developing social skills in various social settings. By looking at the etiology, diagnostic procedures, how the condition effects development, daily challenges, current social/cultural views, and relevant social interventions, a better understanding on how to develop social skills for children with Asperger’s Syndrome can ensue. The world revolves around social situations. This is how people are hired for jobs, ask for things, make new friends, meet their future spouse, etc. At the moment, social skills training and social support is minimal compared to where it potentially could be (Rao, Beidel, & Murray, 2008). Teaching someone with Asperger’s Syndrome better social skills will allow social acceptance, the ability to use adaptive behavior in a certain setting, and allow for independence fr om others to help them into social situations (Banda, Hart, & Liu-Gitz, 2010). People with Asperger’s Syndrome are like everyone else. They just need help in gaining social skills to better off themselves in a world based on social interaction. Asperger’s syndrome diagnosis has been on the rise recently. This is due to a better understanding of the syndrome and how to effectively diagnose Asperger’s. Now, people who were considered â€Å"weird† or â€Å"interesting† in fact, have Asperger’s. Little research has been done on this syndrome which causes limited services and support (Stoddart, 2009). There are many theories on how Asperger’s is obtained. In Stoddart’s (2009) chapter, one belief is centered on genetics. Something triggers multiple genes to act together in a negative w... ...ldren with Asperger’s are brilliant human beings who deserve to interact with the normal of society. They deserve to have the same social jobs like a teacher, business man, or sales man. Their views should not be lessened but rather increased. Future studies should include bigger social situations and applied to more participants. Also, the idea of adults being taught social skills should be evaluated. There is a generation out there of adults who are undiagnosed but still need some sort of intervention. Studies already show that it is possible to teach a child to normally and socially interact. The possibilities are endless for a child with Asperger’s. Hopefully, in the near future, there will be more of an understanding of what is going on in the brain of a child with Asperger’s and new skills will arise that greatly improve their social life forever.

Lakeside Essay

Discussion Questions 1. The owners of Lakeside as well as the company’s bank may require that an independent CPA firm perform an annual audit because the CPA firm could have an independence issue. The CPA firm in that Lakeside wants to hire is also the auditors for Lakesides main financial bank. The bank is a â€Å"main† user of the report put out by Lakesides auditor and in this case would be that banks auditor too. The connection is too close for the CPA firm to pick up this client, it would be against the ethically code. 2. Abernethy and Chapman do not have in-depth understanding of the consumer electronics industry that Lakeside is a part of, therefore it would be an unethical and against the rules of conduct. Rule 201 in General Standards part 1 says, â€Å"undertake only those professional services that the member can reasonably expect to complete with professional competence†. As stated if the firm does not have a member or experience in the field of business the auditing firm should refrain from taking on that client. Could an auditing firm get by in auditing the books of an electronic company when their specialty is car dealerships, probably but as an auditing firm that has never done the audits for a client in this field it is unknown the way business is handled and the right protocol in that field. There is an ethical obligation for the firm to discuss the expertise needed for them about the industry the client is in. 3. Profit-sharing bonuses seem like an easy and nice incentive for the employee by the employer but they bring along a lot of drawbacks and as an auditing firm open up a door for a red flag. There are very strict rules when adopting a profit-share policy that must be approved by the IRS and meet their guidelines. There is also a limit to the amount that employers can contribute to the plans. These guidelines are changing from year to year  and it would be something else Abernethy and Chapman would have to keep up on as well as make sure Rogers is doing the right thing. There is a lot of area for fraud here and as an auditing firm a section that would need to be under close watch. 4. If Rogers wanted Abernethy and Chapman to assist them in developing systems it would depend on a few factors. Abernethy and Chapman would be able to help develop the systems if Lakeside stays a private company. If Lakeside is a publicly traded company Abernethy and Chapman would have an independence issue if it was both the auditor and helping to develop systems for output. 5. If Andrews was assigned to visit the headquarters/warehouse some of the things a tour of the client’s facilities is helpful in obtaining a better understanding of the client’s business operations because operations because it provides an opportunity to observe operations firsthand and to meet key personnel. By viewing the facility you can view assets and interpret accounting data related such as inventory and some of the factory equipment. 6. There are a few reasons that Lakeside would not want to hire a CPA firm that has clients in the electronics industry, one of them being if Lakeside would not get as good of a report as the other electronics, it is very each for stakeholders and investors to see which company is better. Second, Lakeside may feel the auditor isn’t necessarily on their side, even though as an auditor we need to stay neutral and that our obligation is to the stakeholder in the company. List the fraud risk factors that the CPA firm might encounter if they accept this audit engagement. Be sure to include a discussion of all items that will probably require special attention during the audit. For each of these fraud risk factors, indicate how the auditor should follow up on each potential problem if the engagement is accepted. Use the following formal Fraud Risk Factors Auditor Follow Up Material misstatement that existed on reporting historical cost on the new building. Approach this subject right away and speaking with the previous auditors for what they experienced on this issue. Rogers Corporation to construct the latest facility for Lakeside This issue needs more information and legal terms on whether or not this is allowable. The audit option that was rendered on the books for year ending in 2011 With Rogers refusing to write down the reported value of the property can cause some confliction between any auditor and owner. Talking to Rogers and the previous auditor is the best way to get to the bottom of this issue and see who is at fault. Not as much of a fraud but Rogers growth plan could run the company into the ground Because Rogers was annoyed with the last firm because of stifle to his growth plans, as an auditing firm we need to figure out what is best for the company and determine whether his attitude towards not changing his growth plan would be an issu e. Why does more capital from being a publicly traded company help the company out There is nothing in the description that would give us as the firm an indication that having more capital will improve the position of the company. Growing and building more stores does not fix the problem. Coming to a determination on stock options will be crucial before taking this client on. The threat of closing the newer building near the strip mall. This brings up the factor that if the company is close to closing a store before they are even our client, their future looks slim. If this is the case do we want to have a audit report of â€Å"we think this business will fail in a few years† That’s not good business all around Rogers uncertainty about surroundings The fact that there were two electronic businesses that went out of business in the same town as him and he didn’t know the reason, makes me a little worried if he isn’t going to pay attention to his surrounds like this. I would approach this subject with our partners and Rogers before taking on this client. Does auditing them and also being the auditor of the bank they finance through become an independence problem? There would be an independence issue here that would need to either be resolved or conclude in not being able to have Lakeside as a client Abernethy and Chapman’s inexperience in the field of electronics Abernethy and Chapman should discuss with Lakeside their inexperience and explain to them how they plan on gaining experience Profit-Sharing Bonuses Profit-Sharing bonuses bring up a huge fraud risk and Abernethy and Chapman need to make sure they deal with this issue and either get Rogers to cut the plan or work out in great detail how it will work. King and Company Certified Public Accountants Richmond, Virginia INDEPENENT AUDITOR’S REPORT To the Stockholders Lakeside Company We have audited the financial statements of Lakeside Company as of December 31, 2011 and also have observed the operations and internal controls of Lakeside. Management’s Responsibility for the Financial Statements Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in compliance with U.S. GAAP. This includes the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control pertaining to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement whether due to fraud or error. Auditor’s Responsibility Our responsibility is to give an opinion on Lakeside’s financial statements based on our audits. We must conduct audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted. Those standards require that we plan and perform audits to reasonable obtain sufficient evidence that gives us the best assurance about whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement. An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. All these procedures depend on the auditor’s judgment. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. Lakeside Company has chosen not to value their latest store with accordance to guidelines established by the FASB. We strongly believe that the value of Lakeside’s $186,000 investment in their sixth store should be impaired. The continuing failure of the shopping center makes the fate of the Lakeside store appear uncertain to us. The president of Lakeside, Benjamin Rogers, continued to report this asset based on historical cost, and not fair value. Because of this, we feel that a material misstatement exists and thus, we issued a qualified opinion. Opinion In our opinion, except for the material misstatement with this investment, as mentioned in the preceding paragraph, the financial statements of Lakeside Company appear to be fairly stated with accordance to GAAP. Lakeside’s operations and cash flows seem to be in conformity with GAAP for the year ended December 31, 2011.