Coming home Essay

12 November 2009, 7:40 am. The sky was clear, the mighty sun replaced the morning dew with its radiant illuminating rays. Daud woke to the routine call to prayer, he rubbed his blurry eyes and looked around him, exhaled and rubbed his eyes again as if trying to wake up to the smell of his mother’s cooking instead he is still haunted by his Kalashnikov in front of him. He jumped out of his hammock and strapped on his weapon on his shoulders and walked to location he was instructed last night. He climbed hills and disfigured rocks with his torn, worn out sandal effortlessly even the weight of his enormous weapon did not burden him. Daud came across a small tea stall where a group of old bearded ‘holy’ men sat counting beads on a line of string with their fingers and sipping tea. One man looked at Daud, grinned and proudly said â€Å"Asalam wa’aliekum†. Asalam wa’aliekum? Peace be upon you? What peace did they speak of? These men were clearly brainwashed and blind toward humanity. Daud bit his tongue and nodded reluctantly. He finally climbed the last hill for the rendezvous and saw his fellow young ‘mujahedeens’ loading their guns and filling a number of pickup trucks with ammunition and explosives. It looked like their going for yet another killing rampage. Just another day; kill or be killed. Daud Karzai’s parents and home was snatched from him at the young age of 11 when the Taliban stormed the northern region of Banu near the Afghanistan-Pakistan border. The Taliban took control and scavenged Dauds village, they captured all those who opposed them and burned down the houses leaving nothing but ashes and memory behind. They, one-by-one, executed the men who did not share their fanatic mission of spreading strict sharia law. Daud’s mother was left a widow that day. His father had collapsed lifelessly on the hard ground soaked in his own blood. His mother left to stare motionlessly at his body is if it were an abyss. Daud was tied and placed on one of the Taliban pick-up trucks in such a position that he could see the traumatizing expression of his mother. Completely petrified, Daud could not even utter simple words rather move. The Taliban satisfied their amusement and drove off with Daud on the trunk seeing his life change in a matter minutes. His eyes consistently staring at the aftermath and especially his mother who lifted her eyes towards Daud with the utmost effort, as if life had been sucked out of her. They both look into each other’s eyes trying to make sense of what just happened, millions of questions buzzing in their minds ‘what now? ’, ‘will we ever see each other again? ’ ‘Why us? ’, ‘is God punishing us? ’ And just like that Dauds life changed. The trucks at the rendezvous point were almost ready it was just a matter of time before they leave. Daud saw one of his fellow soldier, Jeddah, sit next to a small lake away from the group and went to sit with him. â€Å"Salaam, are you alright? † Daud asked. Jeddah turned his head, looked at him dead in the eye and regarded him with frustration. â€Å"Sorry† realising how stupid his question was. They sat there for a while gazing the clear water. Jeddah sighed and finally broke the silence â€Å"If†¦if you had a chance, what would you wanna be when you grow up? † He asked, looking straight as if talking to himself. â€Å"Umm†¦well I never thought about it but a pilot I guess †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. What about you? † â€Å".. I loved my family especially my grandfather, he was my everything†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦he suffered a stroke a few years ago and passed away†¦.. they all passed away†¦. , they said he could survive if we could afford a doctor†¦ †¦.. I vowed to be a doctor after that day so I can try to stop people from dying †¦ I wanted to lessen grieving and bring happiness to people†¦.. Hahaha ironic isn’t it? I’m sitting here saying I want to be a life saver yet I kill innocent woman and children for no good reason† He forced a smile on his face and looked at the lake vaguely. As he did a tear sparkled down his cheek, trying to restrain from himself from breaking down he exhaled with the relief of expressing his emotions. No one wanted this life, they were forced to take the lives of innocent men and woman every day for no good reason. They could have been kicking a footballs instead they held guns for the same men who killed their families. Our group leader gave a loud roar, signalling us to gather at the rendezvous point and depart for their â€Å"holy† mission. The leader of Dauds group was known as â€Å"mullah†, a man who has learned and preaches Islamic law, he was a broad, tall man with a dark beard reaching his collarbone. He wore typical Afghani attire but with an armed vest, which handled grenades, a machete and a pistol, not to mention he had an ak-47 strapped on his shoulder as well. His turban was black and covered his ears , dangling from the back of his turban was a green torn scarf which he occasionally covered his nose and mouth with to conceal his identity. His voice was deep and demanding, perfect for a man with authority. He commanded us to be seated and the drivers to drive. There were three pick-ups, seven men sat in each pick-up, five in the car itself and two on the trunk armed and ready. We were heading for a commercial area known as ‘Zamaza’ where we were hinted that U. S troops made camp. Everyone in the pick-ups was aware that this day could be their last including Daud and Jeddah yet everyone was calm and ready to face death as if they were destined to. But could death be the destiny of an 11 year old boy who was been hide away from the world and surrounded by only acts of violence and turmoil. Which raises the question in Dauds mind â€Å"what is my purpose in life? † â€Å"Is this what I was born to do? â€Å". The camp was not far now. Zamaza was home to many businesses which revolved around international affairs including aid and funds from U. S and the Pakistani government. It was surrounded by trade routes stretching to Pakistan and Kabul. Daud and Jeddah sat on the trunk and watched out for any signs of ambush or potential assaults. The elder mujahedeen’s sat in the back seat and talked to each other along the way, unaware that Daud and Jeddah could easily hear them. One of the men sparked the conversation regarding a rescue camp near the border where homeless woman and children were cared for and protected by the Pakistani government. Daud senses heightened, he could not resist eavesdropping on their conversation. â€Å"Could my mother be there? He whispered to himself. His thoughts were sharply interrupted with a thunderous blast. The truck behind Dauds was completely obliterated any remains was enveloped in flames. The battle had started. The Americans had launched a missile from one of the Zamaza buildings. Mullah ordered us to engage back and fire at the buildings not considering any innocent men and woman there. Rapid cross-firing continued till our trucks had reached the mouth of the area. The Taliban’s firing had pushed back the Americans allowing the mujahedeen’s to rush and take cover behind the buildings. The opposition had placed barracks and snipers throughout the main road. Only a fool would expose himself openly. The area layout was very simple, the main road divided the area in half, the east wing was were the Taliban had taken cover while the west wing was the oppositions. Mullah’s plan and orders were as senseless as his mind, kill everyone and take control of this land. Daud and Jeddah firmly held on to their guns and took cover behind a bank. Bullets pierced through the walls, rumble flew everywhere, and innocent cries echoed within the alleys. Mullah and the others moved from building to building in order to get as close to the Americans as possible. Daud and Jeddah sat still till the building next to them was blasted with grenades the aftermath blocked all directions except one the west wing. They had to move. Duad and Jeddah run through the alleys in effort to find a way out of the area. They crawled under large destroyed concrete surfaces to catch their breaths. The bullets flew in all direction and they knew the concrete cannot hold them for long. Daud peeked from a gap created from the bullets, a U.S soldier was crouched beside a building and aiming in the direction opposite of them. Daud watched as the soldier calmly inhaled and exhaled enhancing his accuracy. Dauds eyes followed where he pointed his rifle, in the distance Mullah sat reloading his gun behind a wall. The soldier fired and in an instant Mullahs blood splashed across the wall. Watching someone Die was a traumatising experience but Mullahs death gave Daud liberation, a feeling which was snatched from him. Jeddah heard the gunshot and instantly reacted he pointed his gun at the soldier, he hesitated but eventually he pulled the trigger. His gun gave a loud click. He had no ammo. The soldier reacted to the click and instantly turned back and pointed his gun at Jeddah, who lay their petrified, impetuously Daud pointed his gun at the soldier and fired in effort to kill him before he kills Jeddah. Daud was too late. The bullet pierced through Jeddah’s head spilling out blood and exposing his skull. Daud had seen death before but not inches away from him he saw how instantly life is taken away in a matter of seconds. Jeddah’s eyes were wide open and stared motionlessly at the sky. Daud gently pushed his eye lids down and glared at his blood stained weapon and realised death would be his inevitable fate if he continued to stay here. Hardly audible, Daud hears a loud siren, he focuses on the sound. It was a steam train. Determined to escape, Daud follows the sound of the train. Dashing through small rumbles and alleys, the volume of the siren increases. He reaches a dead end wall but behind it he was certain he would find the tracks. He had to react quickly the train was approaching nearer and nearer. He looked around him and found one of the mujahedeen’s body crashed under the rumble. He crawled under the large debris and reached in his vest and retrieved a grenade. Daud pulled the pin and threw the grenade at the wall. The blast created a large hole from which Daud climbed out off. The train was about to cross Zamaza, Daud sprinted to the tracks and stood a position from which he could jump in the cargo coach. Daud looked behind him, the smoke from the numerous grenades covered the Zamaza, cracks of rapid gunfire continued in the distance. The train finally came, Daud jumped successfully onto the cargo coach. He finally escaped. The train was going to Pakistan from a popular trade route which was controlled by the Pakistani army. The journey took several hours but Daud was grateful. He remembered the conversation he had overheard about the relief camp in Pakistan and was certain was mother was there. He reached Pakistan on 13th November. Daud searched the relief camps tirelessly, and there among thousands of separated families he found her. The U. N supplied funds, aids and a home. Daud lived with his mother at the camps for two years. Today he works with UNICEF to rescue and bring hope to child soldiers around the world.

Communication and Professional Relationships Withchildren, Young People and Adults Essay

A key element of the role of any member of support staff in a school or other education environment, is communication, both with children and adults. Whilst it is important for children to learn cognitive skills, it is equally important that they also learn skills that will allow them to function effectively in society. A significant proportion of the latter can be attributed to effective communication, how individuals cooperate with others, and the relationships built both on a social and professional level. Support staff have a responsibility to act as role models for students, and it is therefore imperative that a clear understanding of effective communication and professional relationships is held. This study pack outlines the principles, skills and regulations that cover this topic. Principles Effective communication is the fundamental principle in building positive relationships (relationships which benefit children and young people, and their ability to participate in and benefit from the setting). In general, both children and adults are much more likely to co-operate and share information, if they feel you communicate openly and clearly. This is not limited to what you say but also appearance, body language, facial gestures and mood. In particular it must be remembered that you are acting as a role model, and the way you communicate is likely to be reciprocated in the same way. There are seven principles involved in building relationships: 1.  Effective communication – covers both formal and informal verbal, written communication, in addition to body language, facial gestures, physical contact and appearance, and the way these impact our interactions with others. 2. Respect – courtesy and respect should be demonstrated in any interaction with an individual (be it child or adult). Although you may differ in opinion, it is important to actively listen to others, and respect their view(s). The same consideration should be applied to individuals from different cultures, and their values/traditions upheld. For example in Germany professional interactions are much more formal and people are rarely referred to on first name terms, even if they are acquainted. 3. Consideration – be sensitive to others situation/position particularly when behaviour or reaction is out of character. There may well be an underlying cause you are not currently privy to . 4. Remembering Personal Issues – if you are aware of any concerns or upcoming life events, it may be worth enquiring about these, as it shows that you are interested, and is likely to benefit any relationship . You may be worries that an individual may not want to discuss any further, they can let you know if this is the case but it is probably still better to ask, than seem aloof or standoffish. 5. Listening – communication is a two way process. Therefore it is vital that you take time to actively listen to others, in order that they feel their opinions are considered. Active listening means that you hear another opinion but also demonstrate interest by responding appropriately (both verbally and with body language gestures). Listening is fundamental if others are to feel able to confide in you or ask for help/advice. 6. Clarity on Key Points – when giving information or instructions you must be clear, so that others can understand what you have said, or asked of them. Do not assume you have been clear, especially with children who may say they understand even if they don’t. Always ask them to repeat back to you what they have need to do, whilst reassuring them that you are not testing them but checking that your instructions were clear. 7. Sense of Humour – Particularly in times of stress or pressure, try to see the funny side of a situation. Not only will it benefit you ( temporarily reducing stress) but also releases tension from any situation. Although these principles can be applied to building any relationship, there will of course be differences or adaptations in the way we communicate dependant on the context of an interaction. It is inconceivable to think that the way we informally converse or behave in the company of friends would be acceptable in a workplace meeting. More formal language and behaviour would be expected in the latter, if one was not to be considered rude. The same would be true of any interaction with a parent in a professional capacity. As mentioned previously it is not just what is said or written but also gestures, body language and dress, which should be appropriate to a situation. Advice should be sought when dealing with individuals from different cultures, with particular attention to acceptable behaviour, gestures relevant to that culture, to avoid misinterpretation. What may seem perfectly acceptable to you, could be interpreted as extremely impolite to another culture. In summary you should consider who you are interacting with as well as the (likely) expectation of language and behaviour. In doing so you are less liable to avoid causing offence, misunderstanding or bad feeling; which all have a detrimental effect on any relationship that may have been fostered. Skills May of the skills involved in effective communication do not need to be learnt as we demonstrate them subconsciously. It is however valuable to understand what these skills are and evaluate our own strengths, weaknesses and areas for development. Give Opportunities to Speak – as with all beneficial communication but particularly in the case of children, it is important to allow and give opportunities for every pupil to speak and contribute. Every child is different, some maybe confident and particularly vocal whilst others may seem reticent. An inclusive environment should be created where every child has the opportunity to express themselves. Don’t be tempted to speak whenever there is a pause in conversation, as some children need time to process their thoughts and garner confidence to share them. Actively Listen – show you are listening by giving a child your undivided attention and maintaining eye contact. By doing this you are inadvertently saying your voice matters to me, which will only serve to boost self esteem, confidence and aid positive relationship building. Positive Body Language and Facial Expressions – body language and facial expression are another way to demonstrate you are listening. Nodding, smiling, talking/listening at a child’s level, all indicate you are interested in what they have to say, and can also make you seem more approachable. Folded arms, neutral facial expressions and talking down to a child can make you appear intimidating. React and Comment – Respond to the information a child gives you, this may involve repeating what they have said, to clarify your understanding. Adding your own responses will also add to the conversation and help extend it. Be Interested, Respond and Question – Demonstrate that you are interested in what a child has to say. One way to achieve this is by responding and the appropriate points and asking questions, which may further the conversation. It is also important that the child is given opportunity to ask questions and respond in the same way, so that they learn that communication is a two way process and you are equally interested in what they have to say. As adults it is easy to dominate dialogue, without intentionally meaning to do so, by not giving a child time to contribute, question or give their ideas, opinions or feelings. Children should be encouraged to question information and add their own ideas, therefore the school environment should promote this. Adaptation The skills discussed are however just a starting point and as with the guiding principles, adaptations will need to be applied dependant on the child’s age and context. Age Younger children will tend to be less independent so will rely more heavily on reassurance and positive reinforcement in your communications with them. Additionally younger children are often much more tactile and will seek physical contact as a source of reassurance and to build confidence. Younger children are generally more open and will seek adult help in times of distress, anxiety but also to share achievements. Consequently communication is much easier, as they will share information openly with you. As children mature, they become more self conscious and aware of peer pressure, often reluctant to share information and are therefore likely to require much more coaxing and encouragement to discuss issues and verbalise their feelings. Context Within the school environment you are likely to function in various capacities within your job role, learning support mentor, pastoral role, supervisory role (playground duty), teacher/peer support and confidante. Your style of communication will need to be adapted according to the situation. In a more formal setting, such as the classroom it will be necessary to provide clear, concise communication regarding tasks whilst simultaneously foreseeing and dealing with any disruptions, to ensure pupils stay focused on task. Conversely when acting in a pastoral role, active listening will play a greater part. Your language maybe less formal to engage the child and make them feel comfortable to share their troubles and feelings. The child may seek personal information from you in this instance; have you ever felt this way, has this happened to you? Whilst it ay be tempting to answer these questions openly and honestly, to give the child confidence to do the same, you should remember that a professional relationship must be maintained at all times. Show your understanding without giving too much personal information, it is important for the child to view you in a professional capacity not as a friend. Communication Differences Each child is an individual and therefore will have t heir own communication style and differences. If a child has SEN, these will be documented and it will be much easier to make adaptations according to their provision map or statement. However this will not always be the case and you will need to recognise and respond to any communication differences, a child may have. For example some children may lack self confidence, and ample opportunity must be provided for them to contribute. Don’t be tempted to talk for them or guess what they are trying to get across. This will only serve to compound their anxieties. You may feel it beneficial to work 1:1 building to small groups and further as a whole class to build their confidence slowly. Ask for help from your speech and language coordinator if you work with a child with a speech disorder, they will be placed to advise on strategies for working with a particular type of communication issue. As adults, our nurture instincts often lead us to step to help a child when they experience communication issues, which is not actually beneficial to the child. Allow them time to speak, support them (use of visual aids, sign language, providing an environment where they feel comfortable and confident), show sensitivity but do not try and be their voice. Communication needs The skills of communication apply equally to adults, young people and children and whilst there are many similarities and significant overlap in the way we communicate with these groups (active listening, body language, facial expressions, showing interest etc), there are also important distinctions that must be made. Children With children communication must be succinct, clear and concise, too much information can lead to confusion. They should be able to feedback to you in their own words, their understanding of your expectations from them. An inability to so demonstrates that you need to reconsider your choice of vocabulary appropriate to the child. Avoid using expressions or sayings that children may find vexing and interpret literally, particularly if English is not their first language. One such example would be referring to something as ‘the bee’s knees’, there is nothing in this expression which suggests something is good, so this only serves to confuse a child. Within the school environment, as a member of support staff you are functioning in a professional capacity, your choice of language should reflect this. A certain degree of formality must be maintained to ensure the carer- child relationship boundaries are clear. This especially applies to physical contact, which should not be promoted or offered. In a setting with younger children who seek this type of reassurance, this may be more difficult and you should not shun a child who tries to hold your hand or embrace you. They may interpret this as a rebuke and assume they have upset you. Conversely you should not be initiating this form of contact. Adults Communication difficulties are not exclusive to children. Adults may also experience issues, and it is important you apply the same sensitivity and adaptations, as you would with a child. Again some difficulties may be more obvious than others, hearing impairment, non-English speaking or English as an additional language (EAL), if you are meeting face to face, allowing you to adapt more easily. You should however consider the various forms of communication your school utilises and consider potential communication difficulties, adults may have that you are not aware of. Adult literacy is an issue , particularly in disadvantaged areas. Sending letters home in this instance would not be an effective method of communication. This could be something you should be sensitive and consider particularly if you feel an parent is taciturn. Simply speaking to the parent at the end of school outlining the content of the letter and politely asking for a reply may foster a relationship that allows the adult to work with you for the benefit of the child. Autism is another area that affects communication for both adults and children. Be mindful that you should adapt your communication style but what is suitable for a child maybe patronising and send out the rong impression to an adult. Equally do not assume any every person with autism will have the same, if any, communication difficulties and that you should consider the person as an individual rather than a minority group. Managing Conflict Typically most conflict arises due to a breakdown or lack of communication. Identifying and addressing conflict early is the key to resoluti on. However successful resolution requires sensitivity careful management of the situation. Open dialogue between affected individuals is the starting point of conflict resolution. Everyone should be able to discuss what happened (their interpretations of events) openly and freely ( show RESPECT). They should also be encouraged to describe their actions (take RESPONSIBILTY). Often misinterpretation of another intentions or verbal misconception are the cause of conflict. Equally others may be unaware of the impact of their own actions or communication style on others, particularly if there are cultural differences. Be mindful of external pressures or issues to which you or others may not be privy. External pressures, for example family breakdown, will have a significant effect on individuals, their way of expressing this may be uncharacteristic in terms of behaviour. In this instance it would be beneficial to talk to the child or adult individually and offer support, prior to involving others. Finally develop a plan moving to move forward (REPAIR the situation), which is satisfactory to all concerned. This approach forms the basis of restorative justice, practised in many schools and has been shown to proactively to build relationships, promote discipline and prevent harm and conflict occurring.

200 Villagers Houses Burnt Down Again Near Barrick Gold Mine in Papua Essay - 1

200 Villagers Houses Burnt Down Again Near Barrick Gold Mine in Papua New Guinea - Essay Example Moreover, there have been reported injuries and deaths of small-scale miners close to the mine. Finally, it has also been alleged that the Porgera Joint Venture Mine’s security and associated state police have meted extreme violence on the locals (MiningWatch Canada, 2014). It is expected that such concerns will lead to a drop in share value, especially due to obvious lack of transparency on the part of Porgera Company (MiningWatch Canada, 2014). In such a case, investors would be at risk of losing their money because of misrepresentation and failure by Porgera to disclose critical information, such as their environmental compliance and agreements with local communities. On top of making them an unattractive investment opportunity, it will also harm their reputation, especially in light of conflicts and death in the local community (MiningWatch Canada, 2014). In addition, they could also be liable to huge fines if they are found guilty of environmental permit violations. These issues have raised various ethical concerns about the company, despite creating social and economic benefits for the community via resource revenues and job creation. The company has obviously failed to sufficiently consult and engage the local community, while they have not given accurate information about the impact of their mining. In addition, there are environmental concerns about the safety of the mines, as well as lack of transparency about economic compensation and use of the local’s land. As a result, Porgera has failed to consider the social, environmental, and economic impacts of their activities, which are all important aspects of ethical mining practices. As a competitor, such issues have been avoided, especially as the company is aware that the local community expects to generate substantial improvements in their living standards (Ali, 2013). The company has sought to

Abraham linkon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abraham linkon - Essay Example As a result, he took an approach of preventing the spread of silvery into other territories and expected it to die a natural death without attacking it directly. On the contrary, Douglas believed that slavery as morally wrong, though he believed the people reserved the right to either observe it or not. For instance, Douglas believed that despite the Dread Scott Supreme Court ruling, municipalities had a duty not support legislations that supported slavery if they chose to. Settlers according to Douglas could also prevent slavery by not adopting the local legislations in such localities, which would have led to slavery being combated from a moral point of view despite the legislation permitting it. The controversial Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 was responsible for alienating the northerners, resulting in political turmoil and violence that largely ate into the democrat’s political power. Douglas advocated for a popular sovereignty approach in abolishing slavery in this region. To Douglas this was a deeply rooted in democracy and in the republic principles as envisaged by declaration of independence (Etcheson, 2008). On the contrary, to Lincoln, this was a subversion of the spirit of republicanism; he blamed Douglas for the chaos that led to a bleeding Kansas. Lincoln directly attacked the legitimacy of the sovereignty meaning as stated in the act. Lincoln took it as his lawful and constitutional obligation to uphold the law, prohibit slavery, and encourage the return of fugitives. On the contrary, Douglas opted to use the â€Å"let the people decide† approach to prevent angering the whites in including the free states into senate voting blocs (Etcheson, 2008). Tho ugh Douglas was trying to organize the northern territories, the southern politicians who were not interested to add more voters to the Free State block in the senate

Development of an internet based housing demand database system for Dissertation - 1

Development of an internet based housing demand database system for the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Human Settlements - Dissertation Example This study discusses the analysis of the questionnaire and the analysis of it which formed the basis of the new systems requirements. The questionnaire provided insights from the system analysts, database administrators and the development team as to the requirement specifications of KZN/DHS, the municipalities and the users. There was a need for a detailed understanding of the standard operational process, the principal requirement’s of the department and the users, the shortcomings of the old system, the relational aspect of the system with respect to the sections or departments and the local municipalities frequent communication and sharing of data which needed to be analyzed at length to come to a systems requirement specifications. The questionnaire also enabled the researcher to get thorough insight into the problems the department and the users were facing and their day to day requirements as they had knowledge of KZN/DHS day to day business roles, the hierarchical leve ls and the relational aspects of all the departments concerned. The questions asked helped in gaining an in-depth understanding of the system requirements and produced a blueprint for the system design and development process. Responses to the questionnaire gave the researcher, system analysts, DBA and the developers a deeper understanding of the system objectives, the main functional areas, the various modules required, user acceptability level while bearing in mind the system validations and the testing phase required. The developers got firsthand feedback from the department sources and the end users of the proposed new system as to what was lacking from the old system and what features and functions they want in the new system. Based on the information collected from the questionnaire, the researcher who was also the system developer used the unified modelling language to produce system architecture models, documented the system specification information and shared it

Soccer, The Golden Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Soccer, The Golden Era - Essay Example The season went down well for months, and after it was over the approach changed and instead it was merged the selection of league (Mauricio 36). They were divided into A- League teams this league was named along Fifa’s recognition. In the same year, olympics took of, hosted by Atlanta, the men in the olympic did not perform well as it was expected, women performed their best and worn in the olympics that year. Then there after, it was soccer, this tournament had a huge number of fans from every corner of the world during the final day of the match. The success of the women in both games motivated the U.S organizing comittee that was taking care of the whole event (Richard 31). The organising body said, â€Å"it will be ready to support any games especially soccer, to improve the talents of people out their and also recognize were their is an effort made towards success.† Meanwhile, the world cup 1998, was about to kick of, and the qualifications were also in a process. The first time that U.S won, was back in the year 1977, this was the first time for U.S to qualify without involving Mexico (William 17). This was a success, and they had to work smart to make sure they retain the posion again. Some of the main team players were also from different states, but all determined to win in every game. FIFA provided coaches kits, and also playing grounds with large holding capacities, reason being the number of fans was growing at a high rate. In 1999, had considerable success stories, but in this same year women’s, soccer was set to begin (James 25). The women’s energy and the determination made people to have high expectations on them the team tied up for the first position before they were to go for the finals. The team, which was made up of youths, had a loyal fan base which was peaceful and also excellent sportsmanship, and respect. The team was the ambassador for young girls as their role

Counseling in Faith Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Counseling in Faith - Essay Example Pastoral service entails self actualization as it is a profession that gives a person the responsibility to act as a moral object to the society (Niklas 29). This aspect portrays one of the major roles of pastoral care apart from providing service to other people. Pastoral care also entails instilling a moral responsibility to through acting as a role model to the society. Many pastors, catechists and priest take up the role of the mirror in the society. For many students the essence of identity is professionalism. However vocation is a concrete factor influencing self identity as it is inspired by the desire to offer services to the community during the pastoral service. Pastoral care can therefore be referred to as a social service as well as a calling that pictures the pastoral minister as a role model as well as a servant to the society. Ethics in Pastoral Ministry Pastoral ministry has a broad application in the church than the council. Initially, the term minister was only refl ected to preachers in the protestant churches. Pastoral role had not been internalized and understood by many people in the society hence the term was used to focus on the ordinary meaning thus ignoring the deeper aspect of ministries. Currently, pastoral ministry has reflected on the bigger picture of pastoral identity which is service not only to the church but the entire community. The church acts as a symbol of pastoral service as being ordained only ushers people into the pastoral service but does not play the exact role in pastoral care. Catholic churches have strived to portray this notion through the roles that priests, clergymen and nuns play in the church. In the catholic community, the church is a symbol of the society. In this case, priests, clergymen and nuns act as servants of the societies in which they administer in church. Pastoral ethics are inspired by the moral character of a person. Priests, catechists and pastors have a moral obligation in a society as they are seen as model s of ethical values since their work entails the practice and teaching of good deeds in the society. However, ethical conduct does not come from the moral obligation but the virtues of a person. Virtues underscore the visions, roles and objectives of a pastoral minister. Pastoral minister are given the moral obligation of leading by example thus the moral values of a society are immensely contributed by the moral practices of a pastoral minister. There are many cases around the world relating to the morals and ethical conducts of church leaders. Many priests, catechists and pastors engage themselves in immoral behaviuors thus leading to the big question which is where or not to moral and ethical laws of conduct to religious leaders. The basic solution to this situation is to instill and enforce professional ethics to the religious leaders in order to limit them to the service of the society through the spreading of moral values. Professional ethics entails the use of professional duties to identify moral ethics. Priests, pastors and catechists have the duty of spreading the word of God to the people thus is expected to practice the content they preach to the society. This aspect makes religious leaders to be the reflection of moral character in a given society. When a person is ordained, he or she is given the

Health system policy #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Health system policy #2 - Essay Example The theoretical foundation and historical background of the DNR concept will be taken up and an attempt will be made to tell what influences can impact the achievement of policy goals, as well as the changes that will be needed to engage stakeholders to improve effectiveness of the policy. Finally, the implication of this generic policy to the Saudi Arabian environment will be explored Euthanasia ("good death") is an intentional termination of life of a person by another at the explicit person who wishes to die. It is a "mercy killing" of an incurably ill person out of compassion. Active euthanasia is considered murder or manslaughter in most jurisdictions, while passive euthanasia, of which a DNR process is one, is accepted by professional medical societies and is legal under certain circumstances. A DNR order is a notation placed on a patient’s chart which states that if the patient should undergo respiratory or heart failure, no efforts should be made to resuscitate that individual. In passive euthanasia a persons death is hastened by altering some form of support and letting nature take its course without medical intervention such as turning off respirators, stopping medications, or discontinuing feeding of food and water. It can also include giving the patient massive doses of morphine in order to relieve pain while hastening death, a practice that als o considered ethical by medical societies (Euthanasia). It must be emphasized that a DNR order is generally considered a form of passive euthanasia. This is distinguished from active euthanasia - whereby a health care provider takes a deliberate action that will induce death, such as administering morphine, insulin or barbiturates, followed by an injection of curare (DNR reports) The DNR (Do-Not-Resuscitate) or DNAR (Do-No Attempt-Resuscitation) policy is

Theories in Mass Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theories in Mass Communication - Essay Example It provides different and revealing perspectives on issues and represents the desire for knowledge through 'aposteriori' methods of discovery rather than 'apriori' methods of tradition. There are different schools of thought on how social phenomena should be discussed and interpreted. Post-positivist theories are those that reject the view of the world in a purely scientific manner. This is because human knowledge is not founded on unchallengeable, rock solid-foundations and is in fact fallible. While experimental methodology can be used to investigate social phenomena, it is often impossible or unethical to use the kind of carefully controlled laboratory studies characteristic of physics or chemistry for social phenomena. Conceptually, it is often noted that unlike the subjects of natural science, people are reflexive. That is, they may alter their behavior based on the presence or findings of the researcher. This implies that there is no single, unifying all-encompassing truth emphasizing the need for multiple measures and observations.

Computer Science Essay Example for Free

Computer Science Essay â€Å"Success is not the key to happiness. Happiness is the key to success. If you love what you are doing, you will be successful†. My academic performance has been consistently above average, which was duly recognized by the College when I was presented the Good Result for my performance in the PUC. My Pre University(PU) course played a key role in laying a Accounting which enabled me to develop a puc courses oriented outlook and encouraged me to pursue Undergraduate education. I stressed on acquiring basic knowledge during my Pre University (PU) studies to strengthen my belief that a concrete foundation is essential for a prosperous career. I yearned to equip myself with cutting edge Business and Accounting concept in order to deal with enormous and multifaceted growth Business and Accounting. The mercurial growth in the communications has been fascinating me right from my pre university days. I always found it very interesting to untangle the complex web of communications, fiber optics. A career in communication is something that, I have always dreamt of. As it absolutely necessary for everyone to be acquainted with computers, I have earned the knowledge of ‘C’ and ‘C++’. My field of interest lies in communication, fiber optics. Though right now I am applying for the Undergraduate program, I would like to continue my study in this field to attain my goal in your esteemed university. In college, I have given seminars in my class on various topics. This experience convinced me that I have good communication skills. I have participated in youth festivals and college fetes which have enhanced my ability to effectively get into a team, but at the same time retain individuality. With this ambition I am confident that my academic capability and analytical skills coupled with my perseverance and single minded devotion will see me through to this goal. Given a chance, I am confident that my potential will be reflected in my Undergraduate studies and I will live up to high standards of your Undergraduate program. I am really interested in Chester University as it is one of the renowned Universities in UK. It offers excellent programmes bridging the gap between theory and practice. The opinion of its learned faculty on wide ranging topics is sought globally. Strong links and regular interaction with industry and business enables it to offer teaching latest global trends and needs. So I believe the confidence and exposure which I would acquire from my education in UK will help me to be more successful in today’s business world. Its simulating environment will provide me ample scope for over all developments and bring out the best in me.

Loan Application for Water Desalination Plant

Loan Application for Water Desalination Plant Kelly Crossen Committee: The World Bank Country: Japan on behalf of Yemen Total Amount: US$50,000,000 Type of Loan: IBRD 1. Total Amount of Loan: US$50,000,000 2. Proposed Project- The purpose of this loan is for the constructing of a water desalination plant in the coastal city of Mokha, 54 miles west of the water scarce city of Taiz. At full capacity the plant would be able to pump a total of 100,000 cubic meters of water per day, more than enough to meet the daily needs of Taiz city, which they estimated to be 55,000 meter. Located along the Mokha coastline, the plant would be connected to a pipeline running from Mokha to Taiz and then later to Ibb and Sanaa cities, serving all small towns and villages located along the way. The Japanese government is presenting this loan to the World Bank to strengthen the economy through increase production of Yemen nature resources, such as the coffee, corn, and wheat coming from the Haraz Mountain, which would reduce the dependency on the yearly humanitarian aid received from the UN and other foreign countries. Today, Yemen receives nearly 200 million in foreign aid per year. In addition, the lack of clean water had increase the spread of water-borne disease on a scale not seen in decades. Cholera, diarrhea and dengue fever have spread at shocking rates in rural areas where access to clean water is limited. 3. Background According to Yemen Water and Environment Minister, Abdulsalam Razzaz Yemen suffers with the most water shortages in the Arab region. He pointed to Yemens increasing population growth rates and limited rainfall for the exacerbation of the country water crisis, noting that at its current state Yemen would soon be unable to sustain its supplies. Today about 25 million Yemenis which is around 70% of the population, struggle daily to find or buy enough clean water to drink or grow food. As a result 14.7 million Yemenis currently depend on humanitarian aid. A senior expert at Yemens water and environment ministry states ordinary Yemenis now pay more than 30 % of their income just to get water in their houses. Prices have more than tripled since March, reaching 10,000 Yemen rials ($47) for a four cubic meter tank of water. According to a report by the U.N. Development Programme (UNDP), Yemen is withdrawing almost 169 % of its renewable water resources, meaning that it is using water far faster than it can replenish its supplies. According to the reports conducted by the UNDP the gap between the countrys demand for and supply of water has widened to 1.4 billion cubic meter per year as a result of one of the highest population growth rates in the world and peoples extensive use of water. Only a tiny proportion of Yemeni household are connected to the municipal supply. The state run municipal company only supplies some household in the city while 70% of Yemeni lives in rural area. In the capital of Sanaa only 40% of houses are connected. The pipe network is old and an estimated 60% of water is lost through leaks. 4. Rationale- Without this loan, the water crisis in Yemen has the potential to cause great destruction to the nation. Access to clean water and sanitation is one of the most cost-effective development interventions and critical for reducing poverty which is one of the World Bank decisive goal. With clean water readily available, women no longer have to spend hours every day collecting water, agricultural production can increase, the cost of services and goods could go down and the reduction of water-borne diseases. Studies have shown with proper management, not only would construction of the plant help fill the ever widening gap in the citys dwindling water supply, but that it would also be able to provide consumers with high purity water at cheaper rates than consumers were currently spending. The project will be managed by the Ministry of Planning and the International Cooperation Secretariat. The timeline for the project will be 5 years from planning to implementation. There will be quarterly report made to the World Bank on all phases of the project. The project will be broken down in four phases. The first phase will be the project planning in which a project scope will be put in writing. Next will be project execution where resources are tasks and teams are formed with responsible. Next will be project performance and control where project managers will compare project status and progress to actual plan. Finally, project close after all tasks are completed and the project is up and running. 5. Allocation- US$100 million for construction of the pipeline leading from Mokhta to Sanaa US$150 million for construction of the desalination plant. US$50 million for construction of pipe network to the rural communities. US$25 million each will come from Japan and EU; UNDP will provide US $200 million and IDA will provide US$50 million.   6. Environmental Impact This project will have a positive impact to the environment by helping to reduce climate change in the region. The increase water supply will aid in the increase of the natural resources and the reduction of humanitarian aid to the country. 7. Credibility Japan became a member of the World Bank in 1952; the World Bank has provided more than 30 loans totaling US$850 million to the country, which all were paid back on time. The last loan taken by Japan was issued in 1966 by the 1970s they transition from borrower to now a source of finance. Japan became the second-largest shareholder of the World Bank in 1984, gaining a greater voice as one of the most important partners. Over the last forty years, approximately US$150 billion of World Bank bonds have been sold to Japanese institutional and individual investors. Japan holds an 8.90% voting shares in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. 8. Co-Financing Government of Japan.US$25 mil EU.. US$25 mil UNDP. US$200 mil IDA.. US$50 mil 9. Maturity The terms are as follows:Amount: $50,000.00 from IDAGrace Period : 3-5 years Fixed RateInterest Rate: 1.15% Maturity : 5 years

The Quicksilver :: essays research papers

The Quicksilver One day an ancient alchemist was sitting at his and noticed a strange silvery liquid-like metal. He called several of his colleagues over to admire it. It was passed down through the years, this chemical reaction, that formed this "Quicksilver" as the alchemists called it. One day a French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier tested and proclaimed it a metal. And he named it Mercury (Hg). With strong controversy from scientists around the world, Lavoisier was never given credit until after his death.. During the late nineteenth century and early twentieth is when a significant amount of work went into developing a good use to mercury- thermometers. Before people had been developing thermometers but they were not as accurate as the ones produced around 1900. In the later twentieth century people developed a increasing "need" for pure gold and silver. European and American scientists developed a new advanced way for this- amalgams. Amalgams are alloys of mercury usually used to extract elements from there various ores. Then, once the common metal is extracted mercury is then separated through distillation. Without mercury our world would be much different. We would have different, if any, ways of determining temperature. Mercury is also used in cleaning modern day swimming pools as "Mercury Vapor lamps" for sterilization. Mercury can be used in both reconstructing and destroying life in water ways depending upon the attention people give it. We would have no fast, economical ways of cleaning large pools; no fast, economical way of controlling river clean-ups. Life in our modern day households would be much, much colder because

Word-Processing Software Essay -- Pedagogy Technology Writing Writers

Word-Processing Software Technology allows our communities to move and think faster. Reflective of our society, the Internet and related software have excelled the speed of writing too. True, the written word is at the top of its popularity thus far in history, as the latest technologies still require words. In the twenty-first century, people on average write more than ever before. Reading Web sites, writing emails, and surfing the Web are all technological customs found in everyday life for those with computer access. The last twenty years have revolutionized writing practices and to tell you the truth, I’d label the keyboard as my writing utensil of choice. However, advancing technologies offer problematic implications on literacy. With the speed of our culture and the capabilities of word-processing software, students might lose a basic comprehension in regards to writing. Proper punctuation, capitalization, spelling and grammar appear unimportant in informal text practices. A student could argue why he or she should learn proper grammar and spelling if a software product can do the job for them. Perhaps, we should step back to examine the effects of word-processing software on writing while a student is in the developmental phase. In addition, highlighting the inadequacies of word-processing software will illustrate why high-school teachers should integrate a balanced learning atmosphere. A generation overly dependent on specialized grammar, style and spelling software features could spell trouble. Corporate Involvement/Word-Processing Software: Marketing campaigns are prominent within academic settings. Deron Boyles' American Education and Corporations focuses on these rel... ...ricae.net/eric/ED468243.htm> LaRocgue, Paula. â€Å"Does Your Computer Really Know Grammar?† The Quill v. 87 no 4 (June 1999): 52 Long, Bridget Terry. "American Education and Corporations (Book Review)." Teachers College Record v. 104 no 5 (August 2002): 996-998 Procter, Margaret. â€Å"Software to Support Writing Instruction." Essay posted on University of Toronto Web site. 3 June 2003. <http://www.utoronto.ca/writing.softwre.html> Sloane, Sarah J. "The Haunting Story of J." Passions, Pedagogies, and 21st Century Technologies (1999): 49-65 Sturm, Janet M.; Rankin, Joan L.; Beukelman, David R. â€Å"How to Select Appropriate Software for Computer-Assisted Writing.† Intervention in School and Clinic v. 32 (Jan. 1997): 148-61 Waslow, Omar. â€Å"Word Processing Skills are Not Writing Skills.† Issues in Higher Education v. 15 no13 (20 August 1998): 100

Proper Etiquette and Interview Skills Essay -- Etiquette Interviews Ma

Proper Etiquette and Interview Skills Business Etiquette Business etiquette is made up of significantly more important things than knowing which fork to use at lunch with a client. People may feel that if you can't be trusted not to embarrass yourself in business and social situations, you may lack the self-control necessary to be good at what you do. Etiquette is about presenting yourself with the kind of polish that shows you can be taken seriously. Etiquette is also about being comfortable around people (and making them comfortable around you!) Being a good conversationalist To be a successful conversationalist, you must also believe that listening is power. Because our society places so much emphasis on speaking as the way to win friends and influence people, good listeners can quietly have a powerful and subversive impact. You should also remember that speakers have little power without listeners. Speakers share their wisdom and try to persuade, but listeners make meaning of what is heard -- they make the ultimate decision to act on what they hear. When it comes to talking during an interview, sometimes less is more. As a general rule, you should speak one-third of the time and definitely no more than half of the time. That's because the best interviews have a give-and-take atmosphere where you're discussing who the company is looking for, why you're the right candidate and how having you on board will solve the firm's challenges. To do this, you need to ask questions and try to draw out your interviewer rather than talking about yourself nonstop. Phone Etiquette Employers use telephone interviews as a way of identifying and recruiting candidates for employment. Phone interviews are often used to screen candidates in order to narrow the pool of applicants who will be invited for in-person interviews. They are also used as way to minimize the expenses involved in interviewing out-of-town candidates. While you're actively job searching, it's important to be prepared for a phone interview on a moments notice. You never know when a recruiter or a networking contact might call and ask if you have a few minutes to talk. Good phone ability is a requirement of almost every job at all levels. This is a chance to demonstrate your phone communications skills. Face-to-face communication consists of three elements: words, tone of voice and bo... ...gh your training program each year? †¢ How does your company's tuition reimbursement program work? †¢ What new product lines/services have been announced recently? †¢ What is the average age of top management? †¢ Will you describe ______________ to me? (The personality of a ranking officer often reveals a lot about the company philosophy). †¢ Could you tell me about public transportation to your company? †¢ How many people are you interviewing for this position? †¢ What are the things you like least/most about working here? †¢ If I am extended an offer of employment, how soon after this would you like me to start? †¢ When can I expect to hear from you? As the interview closes, be sure to express interest in the position and briefly summarize why you are qualified. Then ask what the next step will be or when you can expect to hear from the interviewer. This inquiry demonstrates your confidence and interest and gives you important information. Finally, ask for a business card so you can send a thank you letter within 24 hours. If no card is available, make sure you learn the correct spelling of the interviewer's first and last name.

The Reason of Marshall Plan

In June 5th, 1947, Marshall declared a famous speech in Harvard University. The idea of providing economic aid to the all Europe came on the scene. Between 1948 and the end of 1951, United States channeled $12. 3 billion aid to Western Europe including grants, loans and in-kind transfer. The effects of Marshall Plan are all-encompassing, for example, contributing to the cold war, helping the recovery of European economy and European integration. Someone called in question about its necessity, someone embraced it as the saver of the world.It is wondered what is the deep reason that pushed America to launch the plan. Though many scholars have written about this topic, this paper will call for reassessment of the existing literature based on recent findings, new methodologies. This essay will specifically argue that the main reasons of the launch of Marshall Plan are the threats of communism and the interweaving interest’s network of America and Europe. In the first part, it will display the urgency of 1947 European crisis. In the next part, it will focus on the threats from the communism and inferred with the Truman doctrine declared before.Next, it will analyze the short-term and long-term interests that America could gain from the plan. After the World War II, the Europe showed a sign of fast recovery at the beginning, and soon faced with increasingly worsening situation. Within several months after the war, through large scale reconstruction of the infrastructure, the industry recovered quickly. People were drowned in the prospect of peace and happiness of a fresh start. However, the limits on the raw material and lack of the energy supply constrained the recovery soon.Further worse, during the winter of 1947, because of the heavy snow, roads, bridges, rail links, and water ways were impassible, hindering the obtaining of raw material and transportation of the products. The thawing snows also flooded coal mines, making the production of steel fell backw ard significantly. The summer of same year, was called the hottest and driest since records began, and the drought reduced supplies of hydroelectric power. Disillusionment of hopes and desperation hung over people’s hearts. The European crisis of 1947 was more than the misfortune of natural disaster.The disappearance of Germany from the economy is a deeper reason beneath the desperation. During pre-war period, Germany was the main market of European economy. By 1939, the Germany held 38% of Greece exports and one third imports. During pre-war period, the German Ruhr area exported large amounts of coal to France used for the production of steel. Substitute for Germany, America became the main exporting country to Europe. However, another problem came, the dollar crisis. Most European countries imported large amounts of food, coal and raw materials from America, but they have nothing to sell back.France carried $2049 million of payment deficit for buying coal from America annua lly. The heavy national debts carried by the country brought about the inflation and eroded the confidence of currency. Marshall said in his radio speech: ‘the patient is sinking while the doctors deliberate. So I believe that action cannot await compromise through exhaustion. New issues arise daily. Whatever action is possible to meet these pressing problems must be taken without delay. ’ Marshall claimed that the severe of crisis of Europe and the disagreement between two blocks pushed Marshall or the America to make such choice.Though the plan was initially directed to both eastern and western European countries, it is argued that Marshall knew the refusal of Soviet Union in advance, because soviet had been always against any activity of Germany industry construction and stressed the importance of reparation. Hitchcock argued in his article that the primary trigger of the Marshall Plan was ‘the failure of American policy in occupied Germany’ and the ambi tion of the European recovery developed later. In addition to the economic crisis, the political situation was especially not going well for America.The initial hope for fast recovery was downgraded into the desperation of living. The situation of capitalism was between the beetle and the block . The failure of post-war government turned out to provide a good opportunity for communists. Especially students and working class valued the communism as the only party that could bring a totally different world, create a classless society. As Kenan wrote in his memoir, ‘the pall of fear hanging over Europe in 1947 was preparing the continent to fall, like a ripe fruit, into Stalin’s hands. ’America used the plan as an economic barrier to soviet expansion. As said in a CIA report in April, 1947, ‘The greatest danger to the security of united states is the possibility of economic collapse in western Europe and the consequence accession to power of communist element. ‘ Looking back the Europe in 1957, there are guessing that at best, the Europe would be in decades of poverty and struggle; at worst, Europe will collapse back into civil war, fascism and communism. Truman doctrine is released before the Marshall plan and closely related to the plan.In 1947, March, President Truman told the US congress ‘to help free peoples to maintain in their free institutions and their national integrity against aggressive movements that seek to impose upon them totalitarian regimes. This is no more than a frank recognition that totalitarian imposed on free peoples, by direct or indirect aggression, undermine the foundation of international peace and hence the security of the united states. ’ The Truman doctrine was declared as a proposal to provide economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey for fighting against local communists, or as he named, ‘totalitarianism’.Compared with Truman doctrine, Marshall Plan focused more on the economic aid and the recovery of Europe. However, there is still similar intention between these two plans. If the Truman doctrine is the explicit counterattack to the soviet expansion, the Marshall plan is the implicit one. The short-term interests of the plan, which were not so vital to America, however, were worth to mention. It has claimed by Americans that the primary intention of the plan is good-will for the recovery of Europe and soviet expansion urged them to establish the plan as soon as possible.However, there were also suspicions that the act of America was just self-serving and America was using Europe as an outlet for their goods. What is more, in some areas, the aid plan was not welcomed. It will be argued here that the short-term interests of the plan could be nearly negligible when compared with other reasons. The products were given for free from America and what American people can directly gain profits from is that all goods were distributed through American shi ps and were uploaded by the American dock man. The interweaving interests of America and Europe are prime reason behind the aunch of Marshall Plan. The sink of Europe or the sovietization of Europe did more than harm to America and like domino effects, it will threat the whole America’s safety. The primary concern for the plan is the safety and long-term development of the United States. Between the end of war and the announcement of the plan, there already were loan plans from America to Europe. As additional conditions of the loan, the United States demanded Britain to give up the exchange control and make British currency fully convertible. Similarly, America asked France to abandon the protectionism and allow freer imports and exports.Though these plans failed at last, the intention of America was obvious, contributing to freer international trade, more stable currency exchange and wider international cooperation. The Marshall plan is claimed different from all the previo us plans. First, the choice of whether to take it and how to use it is in the hands of Europe, and the role America played was just advisory. Second, the plan is a long-term strategic program, with the help of European recovery program. Third, the money attached to the plan is enormous, more than any previous United States oversea aid combined.If measured by GDP, the money cost 5% of American GDP, equal to 201 billion dollars in 2004. If measured with the value of dollars, the money is worth 100 billion dollars in 2004. Fourth, the plan is a larger European-scale plan, involved many countries into the plan simultaneously. Nevertheless, compared to the past plans, the declaration of the Marshall plan is another form or another positive trial of the same intention. Opinions of whether to declare the Marshall plan was initially divided within the United States.However, new dealers in most post-war administration favored the plan and viewed it as ‘an opportunity to reconstruct Eur ope in America’s image’. The program of ‘productivity mission’, funded by the Marshall plan, was to bring technical Europeans to learn the American way of economy and business. New dealers in America expected these managers and technicians could take the atmosphere of free trade and business cooperation back to Europe. Underlying the aim of Americanization of Europe, the pursuit of restoring long-term trade partner is more essential reason.A CIA director Allen Dulles said: ‘the plan supposes that we desire to help restore a Europe which can and will compete with us in the world markets and for that very reason will be able to buy substantial amounts of our products. ’ the establishment of closer ties for America with Europe could facilitate future business and political communication, and the decrease in distinction and gap could decrease the possibility of quarrel and war. In conclusion, the declining European economy led to the increasing at traction of communism.Faced with the sinking Europe and aggressive Soviet Union, the American government was pushed to launch the Marshall plan. Aligned with Truman doctrine, it is a diplomatic strategy of America to suppress the expansion of Soviet Union and maintain the common interests of Europe and America. Attached with the plan, there are also American blueprint for a prosperous international trade and cooperation within the western bloc without the interference from Soviet Union. The threats of communism are the main direct external factor that makes the plan available through the congress.The desire for a trade-free Europe and the presumably impossible negotiation with Soviet Union are the main reasons that make the plan come into being. The potential benefits of advancing America-Europe relationships and shaping a freer trade atmosphere are ambitious goals of the new dealers and the plan proves to have subtle but far-reaching influence on the integration of Europe. Word cou nt: 1879 Bibliography Calbraith John, 1998. ‘Interview with prof. J k. Galbraith, 28/11/95’ 12 November 2012 Debouzy Marianne . 1998. ‘ interview with Madame Marianne Debouzy’ 11 November 2012 Eichengreen B. et al. , â€Å"The Marshall Plan: Economic Effects and Implications for Eastern Europe and the Former USSR†, in Economic Policy, 7, (1992) pp. 13-75 online available from [18th October 2012] Ellwood, David W. â€Å"The Impact of the Marshall Plan,† History 74 (October 1989) pp. 427–36. Hitchcock, W.I, ’The Marshall Plan and the creation of the West’ in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, 1 (2010) pp. 154-174. Hogan Michael J. The Marshall Plan America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (New York: 1987) Judit, T. , ‘The rehabilitation of Europe’ in Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (New York, 2006) pp. 63-99. Milward, A. S. (1989) â€Å"Was the Marshall Plan Necessary ? † In Diplomatic History, pp. 231–252. Online available from [25th October 2012]Parrish S. D. â€Å"The turn toward confrontation: the soviet reaction to the Marshall plan, 1947† in cold war international history project working papers series ,9 (1994) ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Barry Eichengreen, et al. , â€Å" The Marshall plan: economic effects and implications for Eastern Europe and the former USSR†, in Economic Policy, 7:14 (1992), pp. 16-18 [ 2 ]. Quoted inWilliam Hitchcock, ‘The Marshall Plan and the creation of the West’, in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, 1:8 (2010),p. 156 [ 3 ]. Ibid. , p. 157 [ 4 ]. Ibid. , p. 155 [ 5 ].Tony Judt, â€Å"The rehabilitation of Europe†, in Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (New York,2006), p. 91. [ 6 ]. Ibid. , p. 95. [ 7 ]. Quoted inWilliam Hitchcock, ‘The Marshall Plan and the creation of the West’, in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, 1:8 (2010),p. 156. [ 8 ]. Calbraith John, 1998. ‘Interview with prof. J k. Galbraith, 28/11/95’ 12 November 2012 [ 9 ]. Debouzy Marianne . 1998. ‘ interview with Madame Marianne Debouzy’ 11 November 2012 [ 10 ]. Tony Judt, â€Å"The rehabilitation of Europe† , p. 91. [ 11 ]. Ibid. , p. 93. [ 12 ]. Quoted in Tony Judt, ‘The rehabilitation of Europe’, p. 94.

So often people associate with others in terms of status and call them friends

A friend always believes in you even when you are going through tough times and your own sense of security and confidence has been torn apart. He is your best and worst critic and he shows you a path to a higher self by being there in times of crisis even when others have deserted you out of their selfish motives.Ivan sat alone in the playground feeling low. He had failed the exam and it was like a reality check that he had been evading since long. He did see it coming, but his evasive tendencies had stretched him too far this time. He sat there remembering how David had tried to warn him about the consequences and how he had ridiculed him in front of everyone.His life was falling apart because the ‘friends’ the associated with were busy partying and had no time for him now. Tears swelled up in his eyes as he sat there in the realization of his mistakes when he felt a hand on his shoulders. David stood there looking gently at him. While he expected an expression of right eousness, there was just a benevolent smile.David sat down and shared with him how he had gone through a similar phase earlier and so he had felt a sense of responsibility in guiding him. He shared with him his experience and Ivan could see the remedial actions he needed to take now. True, it was a setback but David made him see it was just a stepping stone to a better self and that this was not the end of the world. He began to feel better and could now recognise what it meant to be a friend to someone.A friend is not one who always hangs around with you as long as his own interests match with you but one who is there to guide you even when things are not going well with you.He may not be always present by your side and may not lead you to a false sense of security but instead he is the one who will stand by you and help be a better person, even if that means being critical of your actions when required.So often people associate with others in terms of status and call them friends. But they are the first one to turn their backs in times of crisis. A friend will stand by your side then and without being judgemental will guide you to a better self.

Physical Preparedness Of Columbus Police Essay

Describe in one page or less how you would select the Columbus Police patrol officers to be surveyed. The Research Project: Physical Preparedness of Columbus Police Officers in Citizen Encounters Involving Force. Target Panel: Respondents of this research should have the following qualifications: Must be between the age of   21 – 35 Must have 6 or more months field experience as a Patrol officer of Columbus Must be active in the police force Must be a resident of Columbus Must at least have one physical encounter with a citizen Sample Size: 1000 police patrol officers Methodology: This research will employ a qualitative and quantitative research wherein a representative sample of the target audience will be randomly selected to create a target panel. Through qualitative research by using an open-ended questionnaire, spontaneous or not pre-determined responses are solicited through a free willing method. Meanwhile, the answers from the qualitative research will be further dealt with in the quantitative research using a closed-ended questionnaire that will provide figures or raw data. Through these two types of research, the researcher will determine the cause of the lack of preparation of police officers during encounters with civilians. Construct a brief 5-item unstructured, open-ended questionnaire that will determine the patrol officers’ views as to how well they are prepared for physical encounters with citizens where lethal force is not an issue.    Open-ended questionnaire for Focus Group Discussion What are the risks involved in being a police officer in Columbus? If physical encounter with citizens is not cited, ask about the probability of experiencing physical encounters with citizens while on duty. What kind of trainings did you receive before you engaged in police field operations or patrol duty? Were these trainings able to help you prepare for physical encounters with citizens? Why? If not, why? As a police officer, what do you think are the factors that provoke physical encounters with citizens? Enumerate tactics or methods on how to conduct proper management of physical encounters with citizens? Explain each tactic/method. What are the causes of mismanagement of physical encounters with citizens? How should these be prevented? Construct an 8-item structured questionnaire using closed-end questions that involve multiple response choices that addresses the same issue in Question #2. Closed-ended questionnaire for Survey Questions Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree 1. Is your job as a patrol officer worth all the risks?                2. Do you think that force is needed in enforcing the law?                3. Are you willing to employ force when you are threatened by a civilian?                4. Do civilians usually provoke physical encounters with law enforcers?                5. Do you think that the use of force is effective in promoting compliance?                6. Do you think that there is a need to have a good physical and quick-thinking build to better handle physical encounters?                7. Do you think that by having police weapons and gadgets will help you do your job better in enforcing the law?                8. Are you prepared physically, emotionally and psychologically to engage in a physical encounter with a civilian?               

Moon by Chaim Potok

Chaim Potok (35) loves to write about growing up pains and the conflict between family, the development of a Jewish young person and the way in which the young Jew seeks to integrate himself into the culture he is in while trying to preserve his own identity as a Jew. Throughout the passages of his stories, Potok manages to show the ugly social realities through the points of view of his characters. By dealing with such realities and through the interactions of the characters, they are changed and somehow, the world becomes a better place for the protagonist in his novels and short stories. This is also the same pattern he uses in his short story â€Å"Moon.† Moon tends to be reclusive and rebellious because of his own identity as part of the minority. Throughout all of these, he still wishes to be educated because he sees it as a means to become a somebody in the world. Chaim Potok makes frequent reference to his age as a part of the importance of adolescence and the struggles that they go through. Moon, as is the case with a lot of the characters in Potok’s collection â€Å"Zebra and Other Stories†, is disconnected with his parents. His parents tend to be foreign to him and they could not connect effectively. This also partly explains why Moon is reclusive and rebellious. The main character of the short story tends to enjoy music. This is one thing that most adolescents share with, hence, Potok writes an accurate characterization of Moon and his friends. Through the use of music, Moon’s life is taking a new turn and he gains a new perspective of his situation and the reason why he has to strive for his education even though it is hard. Moon’s life changes when he meets Ashraf, a Pakistani teenager who lives in a neighborhood wracked by strife and violence. Given the background of Ashraf and that of Moon, they still managed to establish a friendship that influenced them both. Through the visit of Ashraf to his home, he suddenly had an insight about life, about education, and the ugly realities that are confronting the life of Ashraf and that of his, too. The changes engendered in the life of Moon became even more pronounced when he learns that Ashraf has been murdered. This is the climax of the story yet the incident seems to have helped Moon become a better person and a more determined one. The differences in his lifestyle from that of Ashraf is also an important aspect of his learning. As a child belonging to the middle class, he enjoys a lot of things that Ashraf does not. With this, the main character also saw the vast oceans of differences separating the haves from the have-nots. With this, he develops sensitivity for people like Ashraf who are suffering from difficult circumstances in life. The relationship of Moon with his parents is not a perfect one. In fact, even his parents do have conflicting attitudes toward him. This is due to his rebellious attitude and his desire to be left alone. His parents try to win his affection and ask about his experiences yet he remains unresponsive. Because their life is comfortable and they suffer no lack, Moon developed a self-conscious and selfish outlook of life shared by middle-class teenagers. Although his parents wanted him to learn much about their heritage, he is a difficult nut to crack. Yet, only the loss of Ashraf jolted him to the painful reality of the need to learn about the world and the ugly realities that people have to face in order for them to have meaningful lives. Work Cited Potok, Chaim. Zebra and Other Stories. New York: Laurel Leaf, 2000.

Controversial Issues in Entertainment Paper Essay

Controversial Issues in Entertainment Paper - Essay Example Since discussions on such topics are open to public the questions regarding its ethicality are disputable. According to Kuypers (2002) â€Å"Controversial issues are news, and for news we look to the press." (p. 1). This essay aims to discuss the various issues and debates surrounding the coverage of controversial issues / news by the media. For the purpose of this study, the recent highly dramatic photo of a subway train bearing down on a man who was pushed off the platform, published by the New York Post on front page is used. The highly graphic depiction sparked widespread debates and criticisms condemning the unethical publication of the image, the misuse of the freedom of press, and insulting the dignity of humanity. Nature of controversy: On December 4, 2012 The New York Post published a photo on its front page, sensationally titled "Pushed on the subway track, this man is about to die. DOOMED" (See Appendix Fig. 1) Immediate after the sensational publication of the disturbing image by the newspaper, wide-ranging debates and criticisms surrounding the ethics in photojournalism and dignity of humanity began pouring in from all quarters of the society. The criticisms mainly questioned the photographer's choice of action in the face of adversity. The intent of the photographer, R. Umar Abbasi was questioned raising serious concerns over the incident, particularly since he chose to capture and then sell the image to New York Post, rather than do the obvious – i.e. intervene and try to help the man. The inaction of the photographer highlighted his apparent apathy towards the victim, inviting severe criticisms concerning his lack of judgment and gross violation of human rights. The publication of the photo by the New York Post on the front page also called for debates and criticisms surrounding the blatant use of liberty of the press by the publication. The news journalists and photographers are bound by a strict code of ethics and good conduct which en tails them to act prudently towards an individual or group and adhere to the standards of morality and principles normally attributed to and deserved by the humanity. According to the National Press Photographers Association's Code of Ethics: "Photographic and video and images can reveal great truths, expose wrongdoing and neglect, inspire hope and understanding and connect people around the globe through the language of visual understanding. Photographs can also cause great harm if they are callously intrusive or are manipulated" (NPPA (2012) Although the publication of the photo did not in any way violate the code of ethics, it however did cross the line of human dignity, especially considering that the graphic image was published on the front page. The photo was used since it was ‘newsworthy’, and such images / shocking news items are quick to catch the audience’s attention, as is apparent from the widespread reactions garnered overnight from all aspects of so ciety including journalists and citizens alike. Soon after the publication of the photo by the New York Post, other newspapers and tabloids as well as the television media covered the incident with varied reactions on the issue. Most of the print and visual media condemned the publication of the graphic image but continued to cover the story as more and more videos and images captured by

Sexual harrassment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sexual harrassment - Essay Example The victim-blaming, the apathy, the indifference, and sometimes contempt and hostility women face from police, from family members, from teachers, from hospital personnel, and from judges and juries are informed by women's social identities, locations, and histories. The mostly negative responses to women who experience violence are often as hurtful as the incidents because they reinforce the messages that women are to blame, that women deserve to be abused, that women accept oppression, and that women are unworthy of social justice. Sexual harassment is defined as "unwelcome behavior of a sexual nature" (Dobrich 2002, p. 4). It is common for female employees to be subjected to unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. Although not illegal per se, such behavior is illegal when it is used by managers and supervisors to decide whether to hire or fire someone; when it is used to determine pay, promotion, or job assignment; and when it creates a hostile, or offensive work environment. "Examples of verbal harassment could include sexual comments, suggestions, jokes, or innuendos; nonverbal harassment could include suggestive looks, leering, or ogling; and physical harassment could include accidentally brushing against someone's body, 'friendly' pats, squeezes or pinches, and forced exual relations" ( Webb, 1981, p. 5 cited Howard 2007, p. 7). In the last thirty years, the feminist struggle to end sexual harassment against women has sought to creat e language to describe, to protest, and to transform the conditions of our lives. Activists created and redefined terms such as "battered woman, " "wife battering, " and "sexual harassment, " among others, to clarify the social and political ramifications of interpersonal/institutional violence against women. Yet this language often gets incorporated into a social landscape that pathologizes women rather than critically analyzes the social underpinnings of the violence. As bell hooks says of the term "battered woman" (Vivian and Pharm 1998). Signs of sexual Harassment Sexual harassment involves the victimization, the isolation, the lack of support, the pain of betrayal, or the despair of battery and rape in women's lives. Women continue to live in communities where intimate, intragroup abuse and violence are not recognized and it's necessary to describe their painful realities. If we are in denial of the ways in which we have been victimized, then personal change and social transformation are impossible. Speaking out about the harm done and labeling the experiences as battering, rape, incestuous assault, and/or attempted murder are essential components of healing, recovery, self-determination and social change (Howard 2007). However, identifying women who've experienced abuse as only or predominantly victims and survivors of abuse, violence, battering, and rape eventually reinforces our status as victims by reducing us to what someone else did to us. When we only describe the individual damage to each other and when we solely seek validation and s upport for the individual pain endured, it can lead to depression and despair (MacKinnon 2003).

Data Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Data Security - Essay Example In case, the server is online, it transmits that signal straight back to the computer, letting us enjoy secure communications. Both the computer and the server send out heartbeats during regular intervals to ensure that both the user and the server i.e. the service aren’t offline (Kerner 2014). Heartbleed exploits this â€Å"heartbeat† by sending out, a kind of heartbeat signal to servers that is malicious in nature. That malicious heartbeat more or less tricks the server into sending a random amount of its memory to the user who sent the malicious heartbeat. A random collection of email addresses, usernames and passwords can be enclosed in that memory. Some of those records troublingly, could belong to the company running that server. This affords hackers with a method of infiltrating and exploiting information across the Internet. The Shellshock issue is a sample of ACE (arbitrary code execution) vulnerability. Classically, ACE vulnerability attacks are carried out on running programs and entail an extremely advanced understanding of the internals of assembly language, code execution and memory layout—the kind of attack that calls for an expert, to be concise (Sampathkumar, Balasubramani 2014). The attacker employed an ACE vulnerability to run a program granting them an easy way of dominating the targeted machine. This is accomplished by means of running a "shell". A shell is a command-line where commands can be executed or entered. The Shellshock vulnerability is a big concern since it eliminates the necessity for specialized knowledge and in turn offers a simple (unfortunately, very basic) means of taking control of another computer or even a web server to make it run code. The attack seemingly looked to have been triggered by a malicious computer code referred to as malware, according to people familiar with such matters. Some people suggested, a probable Russian or

Approaches to Teaching Grammar Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Approaches to Teaching Grammar - Article Example The apparent limitation of the syllabus was that students were not involved in learning the language due to the monotonous nature of activities. Secondly, adults feel that the language they are learning is not preparing them for the world. The skills of language; reading, writing, speaking and writing were taught in isolation and in a very set manner. Since, we use more than one skill at a time, learners were forced to focus on one skill and the integration of skill development was missing. Speaking was ignored like in any traditional classroom, due to its difficult nature of assessment and requires a competent teacher. All the focus is on writing as it is considered the most important academic skill. The main reason for learning English language is instrumental. Like other countries, this country is also facing recession and employment rates are constantly fluctuating rather deteriorating. Students want to learn the language to seek new opportunities around the world. When this Institution will activate my syllabus, they have to consider that it is learner centered where adults come to discuss debate, interact socially and philosophically and begin to work in teams. The main aim of the course is to make it motivating and interesting for the students. Target Learners First thing to be kept in mind is that the students are a part of society and we have to touch English in the manner it is appropriate. Culture of target language will also be exposed to students to a certain degree. Learning English for my target students is not a total new experience as they have completed their twelve years of education, where weekly 120 minutes were given to language teaching. But the medium of instruction remains Arabic.... First thing to be kept in mind is that the students are a part of society and we have to touch English in the manner it is appropriate. The culture of target language will also be exposed to students to a certain degree. Learning English for my target students is not a totally new experience as they have completed their twelve years of education, where weekly 120 minutes were given to language teaching. But the medium of instruction remains Arabic. Language development is to the extent where the students understand instructions and follow them appropriately, but with some emphasis on repetition of instructions. The students can read and comprehend with the teacher’s help. Teacher is always in control and there aren’t many opportunities for learners to talk about their lives, opinions, and experiences. Teacher takes most of the time explaining to the learners how to go about the written activities. Learners listen to the teacher and do accordingly; obviously repetition o f instructions is in demand. Learners have very less room for creativity and expression. Activities are monotonous and last for the whole period. All the activities revolve around making the learner write in the end. Learners feel bored and there is no excitement as the classes have routine and learners know what is going to happen next. The learners do not find authentic language to use it outside the class but they are able to write an application, letters and etc. What they lack is confidence in talking in English along with the experience.

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 44

Case Study Example The takes a lot of time and many customers end up being dissatisfied. The company is also thinking of ways it can to make sure that the products reach the customers much faster. Easy shopping is also a problem that the company is facing. The company is planning to enroll a new program where each inventory has 8 images taken on all angles before being posted on their website. The company is also making a lot of loses on shipping redeliveries. Training and development can help the firm reduce on return deliveries. Competent and knowledgeable staff can help customers choose merchandise that fits them. Training on innovation may also help the employees come up with programs that will help counter some of the challenges the company is facing. Training will also help reduce the amount of time taken before the goods finally reach the customers. In the year 2009, the company was ranked as one of the best companies to work for in the United States of America by fortune (Zappos.com, 2015). In order to increase employee engagement the company offers perks. The company believes that having happy employees is critical to ensure that the organization is successful. The company provides free lunch and even has a game and nap room (Zappos.com, 2015). The company also believes by offering their employees perks, they will not feel that like they are being forced to work. This makes the employees work harder, be committed to their work and are not likely to leave the company. Zappos has core 10 core values. Some of the core values can be influenced through training and development. One of the company’s values is to deliver WOW service (Zappos.com, 2015). This simply means delivering exemplary and unique service to the company’s customers. The company can train its employees on how to offer WOW service to their customers. The other core value that can be influenced through training and development is,

Product Formulation Portfolio; Evaluation pro-forma 5 (PFPE5) Essay

Product Formulation Portfolio; Evaluation pro-forma 5 (PFPE5) - Essay Example is critically important because Acetyl Chloride is a poisonous chemical and the amount used in the preparation of Aspirin should not exceed the maximum concentration allowed in human consumption products (3). On the other hand, the amount of Acetyl Chloride used is sufficient enough to make salicylic acid the limiting agent (1). For instance, since the reaction is reversible, the presence of excess Acetyl Chloride will force the equilibrium towards the production of the desired end product (Aspirin). The 5 drops of pyridine used are sufficient to neutralize the resulting hydrochloric acid without making the solution basic while at the same time acting as a catalyst for the reaction(4). This is because Pyridine is a base catalyst that plays the dual role of being a catalyst and a neutralizing agent at the same time. Additionally, the use of many drops of pyridine justified because pyridine as a base catalysts is less reactive than most acid catalysts such as 85% Phosphoric acid and, therefore, a greater volume of the ingredient may be required for the reaction to be effectively catalysed. Both the two methods involve acetylation salicylic acid to produce aspirin (acetylsalicylic Acid). However, despite the remarkable similarities between the process of making aspirin using the new formula and the mechanism used in the old formula, the main difference between the two distinct processes is that the leaving group in the new process is a chloride ion as opposed to the acetate ion in the old process. On the other hand, the by-product of the overall process is hydrochloric acid while the old process produces acetic acid as a by product

Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Assessment - Essay Example All in all, no form of learning can be successful and useful if the learners are not assessed. An understanding of the concept of assessment majorly relies on the reasons behind the use of tests on the learners, both by the teachers and learners. In the work by Segers & Tillema (2011), teachers hold the view that assessments are tools that check the performance of the learners; thus, set a ground of what top be taught in the future lessons, while the some of the students hold the view that assessments are beneficial for learning as they check whether concepts have been grasped; others felt that the entire process especially the summative assessment was completely unfair, due to variations in testing. From this study, it is justified to argue that assessments are tools of learning especially when there is a form of balance between summative and formative assessments. Remesal (2011) indicates that assessments, in the view of the teachers have been regarded as a tool that aids in the improvement of the learners grades. The work also indicates that assessments are mere tools for accountability by the school’s administration, and that they may be useless if they are not relevant in the school life of the students. Offering induction to the teachers can be extremely useful in administering tests to the learners, since a great percentage of them take it as a normal activity in the schools’ program; thus, do not give it the utmost seriousness it deserves. In the view of Knauss (2001), the issue of assessment has a lot to do with the importance ascribed by the major stakeholders of education or rather the learning process. The administration has a particular aim, as well as the parents, learners and teachers. In this case, Knauss (2001) indicates that the kind of psychological assessments are the roles of the psychologists that are existent in the school. All tests in this context must be directed to satisfying the

The Ethics of Animal Testing Essay Example for Free

The Ethics of Animal Testing Essay Years ago, while laws were not in place to prevent testing on animals, some researchers experimented on animals. The results of these experiments are still with us today. Insulin for example, was discovered when an Ontario doctor severed the connection between the pancreas and the digestive system of a dog.1 Today there are still many animals in labs being tested to find treatment for anything from cancer to pain. If the results have a possibility to save so many lives, as in the case of insulin for those with diabetes, then testing on animals should be the right thing to do right? Many people agree on saying that the suffering of an animal is not worth the saving of lives, especially if the tests are unsuccessful. They compare the animals lives to those of humans, claiming that it is not right to test on human orphans. Therefore it should not be right to test on stray animals. In these statements lie the fundamental ethical dilemma about animal testing, it is right or wrong testing on animal for humans benefits? In this paper I will examine animal rights from a utilitarians point of view. I will define the major points that utilitarianism holds and animal testing. I will explore the cases for and against animal testing using utilitarian reasoning (including Bentham and Mills disagreement, act and rule utilitarianism, and cost-benefit analysis). Finally I will close with my own feelings on animal experimentation and my conclusions drawn from the analysis. First, utilitarian theory is consequentionalist and stress the ends of a particular action. It is also Hedonistic in nature, meaning that is focuses on happiness and pleasure, those being the only intrinsic good. A utilitarian considers five factors in the pleasure of the consequences of an act, whichever act brings about the most pleasure or happiness is the best thing to do in the end. John Mill argued that the quality of the pleasure is an important consideration as well. Consider also the difference between act utilitarianism (considering each act individually) and rule utilitarianism (applying the consequences of an act universally). In addition, a contemporary version of utilitarianism, cost-benefit analysis, states that whatever act produces the most money (or saves the most money), is that decision that should be made. Second, animal testing consists of any medical test performed on an animal. Including product testing, like perfume and cleaners, and research like the effects of isolation on a social animal. To examine animal testing from a utilitarian point of view we should consider whether or not an animal can feel pain, or suffer. We typically do not consider animals to be without feeling, that is why we have laws protecting animals against cruelty. Many people disagree about whether or not locking an animal in a cage is cruelty or not. The case for animal testing Using utilitarianism generally, if testing on animals produces the most happiness overall and reduces suffering then it is the right thing to do. When medical breakthrough are made at the expense of an animal, is the happiness of those who can be cured greater than the suffering of the animal who underwent the experiments? Mill would seem to argue that the happiness of someone who has been cured would be longer lasting and better then the self gratifying happiness of an animal. Act utilitarianism would look at each instance of animal testing and determine if the consequences are better if the animal is tested on than if it were not. Finally, cost-benefit analysis would seem to agree with animal testing because innovations in medicine means money made and saved on health care. This would produce the most money and would be the better thing to do if the question is to test or not. The case against animal testing Jeremy Bentham was purely concerned with the amount of pleasure produced. One could argue that the amount of suffering an animal would be subjected to in testing is not worth the amount of suffering that would be reduced if a cure were found. Those who are against animal testing would not experience pleasure and one can assume that those testing the animals would not gain happiness from watching the animal suffer. Therefore one can argue that not testing on the animals would indeed reduce suffering and maximize pleasure. Rule utilitarianism applies best here, because then one can consider the consequences of everyone testing on animals for any reason. With that much freedom to testing negative consequences would be more likely to occur and therefore banning animal testing would be the best action. Conclusion I own several mice, a guinea pig, a rabbit, two hamsters, fish, a turtle, three cats, a dog and a chameleon. I, personally, felt that testing on animals has no moral worth no matter what the consequences. I feel an emotional bond between myself and every one of my pets. I would never want them to go through what some animals do in the medical labs. Upon further consideration I am still without a clear decision as to whether I would want to save my dog or help my family with diabetes. It would be a difficult choice. That is why I think that utilitarianism is the best way to approach animal testing. By using act utilitarianism we can examine each instance of testing separately and examine the consequences for happiness production. As in the example of the dog in the introduction. The dog did experience suffering but overall its suffering reduced the suffering of countless people by providing medication for diabetics. My conclusion is that applying act utilitarianism to animal testing c an help to choose the better way each time.