Coca Cola Ad Analysis

For a considerable length of time, Coca-Cola has been one of the world’s driving makers and wholesalers of soda drinks and different items. Through the span of time, the organization has developed colossally and has spread a considerable lot of its business sectors to a wide range of spots. Since it initially started, no one would have imagined that it would be the place it is today and how large of an impact it would have on general society. This can unequivocally be credited to the company’s savvy yet powerful publicizing and showcasing strategies, which have empowered it to elevate its item to the consumers.In one of Coca-Cola’s promotions, the organization endeavors to make a connection between the item and customer while showing how the beverage is a piece of American culture. The possibility that is being depicted is intended to speak to American interests by methods for longstanding sections of American culture. In this commercial, the logo at the base per uses, â€Å"A great never becomes unfashionable. † As we can see, the picture of the coke bottle comprises of numerous photos relating to American history.Coke and PepsiRegardless of whether an individual had ever bought a coke item, the structure of the container promptly gets a handle on the consumer’s consideration. This is for the most part due to some extent by the bottle’s portrayal of customary topics that individuals can identify with. For instance, the craftsman who made the picture incorporated The Beatles, Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, The American Flag, The Rolling Stones, Baseball, and a Cadillac, which would all be able to be portrayed as â€Å"American Classics†.Altogether, they speak to a portion of the qualities that which America was based upon and what individuals have figured out how to cherish. Thus, the suspicion that is being made is that Coca-Cola is likewise a â€Å"American Classic†. It is very certain that while the item might be viewed as only a beverage, it is in certainty more than that. By relating the refreshment to some of America’s longstanding roots, the organization has beyond question made a closer connection among item and consumer.People can see the picture of the jug and consequently be slanted to purchase the item for themselves because of the sheer reality that the photos are of such incredible significance to our general public. Also, it is fundamental to take note of another unobtrusive yet key thought that is being depicted in the ad. Right off the bat, something that is viewed as a â€Å"classic† must be of extraordinary importance and impact contrasted with different subjects in its class. While â€Å"classics† may perpetually be a piece of our way of life, the impression given by Coca-Cola is that Coke will never become dated.

Polar Vs. Brown Bear Essay Example For Students

Polar Vs. Earthy colored Bear Essay There are eight unique types of bears found all through the world: the spectacled bear, the Asiatic wild bear, the earthy colored bear (counting grizzlies), the polar bear, the sun bear, the American mountain bear, the sloth bear and the goliath panda. Despite the fact that the vast majority can recognize a polar bear from an earthy colored bear by the shade of the hide, many individuals neglect to distinguish all the distinctions among those two species. The two bears can be seen as enormous, awkward and blundering brutes with intensely fabricated bodies however short legs, necks and tails. Them two have adjusted ears and perceptibly little eyes comparative with their huge body size. While both of the bears have a place with same family, they have a few significant contrasts. They live in various geological zones, contrast in measure of the populace, size, physical highlights, some dietary patterns, and their conduct toward people. The polar bear is found in the entirety of the pola r locales of the whole northern half of the globe. This incorporates Russia, Norway, Greenland, The United States and Canada. Their favored living space is in the region where the northern oceans meet the shoreline. Around there, there is a consistent freezing and defrosting of the ice. It is evaluated that there are right now somewhere close to 20,000 and 40,000 polar bears. The polar bear is the biggest individual from the bear family, tipping the scales at somewhere in the range of 440 and 1760 pounds with generally body length 11.5 feet. It can develop a lot bigger, notwithstanding. Truth be told, there is a record of a grown-up polar bear weighing more than 2200 pounds. Polar bears have an unmistakable all white hide which is significant cover when chasing on the ice pack. Their real shade of the skin is dark which is believed to be an adjustment for better warmth maintenance. Contrasted with different bears, the neck of polar bear is any longer. This makes it simpler for them to keep their heads above water when swimming. Like those of different bears, the ears of the polar bear are round. They are, be that as it may, littler and closer to the head. This additionally causes the creature to be an uncommon swimmer. The forepaws on a polar bear are huge. With a distance across moving toward 12 inches and incomplete webbing between their toes, polar bears can utilize their front feet much like oars to impel them quickly through the water. Polar bears are astounding swimmers. They can swim separations more noteworthy th an 60 miles immediately to rest, keeping up normal speed of 6 miles for each hour. Ashore, they are not as fast as earthy colored bears and seem to have exchanged off speed for their incredibly huge forelegs which they use to get through seal sanctums and to flip a huge seal out of the water. Polar bears have likewise grown enormous stomachs with a limit of in excess of 150 pounds of food. Their stomach related framework is additionally more adjusted for handling meat than plant material since they are solely meat eaters. While out on the ice, their eating routine comprises for the most part of marine warm blooded animals, for example, the ringed seals, unshaven seals and once in a while a walrus or narwhal. Additionally, with regards to their rapacious nature, the canine teeth, utilized for seizing and holding prey, are longer, more honed and dispersed more extensive separated than in earthy colored bears. Polar bear are at the highest point of the cold evolved way of life with no characteristic foes. Thus, contrasted with different bears, polar bears are the most forceful and all the more ready to think about people as a prey. At the end of the day, when they see a human, they see a mobile supper. Thusly the individual assaulted is generally slaughtered except if the bear is murdered first. The most flesh eating, they are additionally the most patient and decided the entirety of bears. In certain examples they may follow an individual for many miles so as to chase him down. Out of eight species polar bear is viewed as the most risky to people. .u9bf76359f5958a055cbf1389be87040a , .u9bf76359f5958a055cbf1389be87040a .postImageUrl , .u9bf76359f5958a055cbf1389be87040a .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u9bf76359f5958a055cbf1389be87040a , .u9bf76359f5958a055cbf1389be87040a:hover , .u9bf76359f5958a055cbf1389be87040a:visited , .u9bf76359f5958a055cbf1389be87040a:active { border:0!important; } .u9bf76359f5958a055cbf1389be87040a .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u9bf76359f5958a055cbf1389be87040a { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u9bf76359f5958a055cbf1389be87040a:active , .u9bf76359f5958a055cbf1389be87040a:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u9bf76359f5958a055cbf1389be87040a .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u9bf76359f5958a055cbf1389be87040a .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .u9bf76359f5958a055cbf1389be87040a .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u9bf76359f5958a055cbf1389be87040a .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9bf76359f5958a055cbf1389be87040a:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u9bf76359 f5958a055cbf1389be87040a .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u9bf76359f5958a055cbf1389be87040a-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u9bf76359f5958a055cbf1389be87040a:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: A Lesson Before Dying EssayThe earthy colored bear has the most far reaching conveyance in the realm of any of the eight bear species. They are found all through the vast majority of the northern side of the equator including North America and Eurasia. Their favored environment incorporates mountain woodlands, open glades and huge waterway valleys. It is assessed that there are right now somewhere close to 125,000 to 150,000 earthy colored bears all through the world. The earthy colored bear is one biggest bear animal groups, yet impressively smallerthan the polar bear. It weighs somewhere in the range of 300 and 860 and c an be up to 9.5 feet in absolute body length relying upon the accessibility of food. Earthy colored bears can run and move with extensive ability, speed and skill. They can achieve paces of 35 mile for each hour for a short separation. They are additionally able swimmers. The earthy colored bear separates itself from different bears by ethicalness of its shoulder bump, which is brought about by muscles which are utilized for burrowing. The front hooks are around 1.7 occasions longer than the back paws and by and large obvious even from separation. The shade of the creature differs from a light velvety shading to practically dark. Earthy colored bears are omnivorous, eating a blended eating regimen of grasses, organic products, bulbs and roots, creepy crawlies, fish and little creatures. In scarcely any regions there are known to be predators of bigger creatures, for example, caribou and moose. Every one of the earthy colored bears has an alternate demeanor rather like people. Some will assault, others won't. A few bears are terrified of people, others will have a have characteristic interest. Earthy colored bears might be exceptionally risky. In any case, more often than not a they bound to assault when shielding fledglings or region. A following eart hy colored bear is even a progressively uncommon event. Despite the fact that polar and earthy colored bears share a great deal practically speaking they vary inmany ways, for example, measure of populace, size, regions of living, physical qualities and mentalities towards individuals. Researchers have read these heavenly creatures for a long time, yet there is still a lot to find out about them. They are perplexing and captivating animals that merit incredible regard. Bibliographyno account

High School Student Essay Samples - Writing For The Future

High School Student Essay Samples - Writing For The FutureAre you a high school student looking for high school student essay samples? There are many different high school essay topics to choose from, but there are also a few standard subjects that are used most often.To give your writing some structure, most students need to use this format. A logical structure is what will help your essay get through. You don't want to put too much information in your essay and make it confusing. Keep your topic focused and keep the essay at a good length.Some high school students enjoy having to go into their future in a few sentences. Make this a preface to your essay. Then you will have a starting point to write your introduction and main points. Again, this helps to organize your topic and keep your essay on track.Most students think that they will have different kinds of subjects to write about in the future. You can't just throw ideas at them and expect them to stick with. Instead, keep your topics specific and write about what you know. This keeps you from getting off topic.You can look for some different kinds of high school essay samples by checking out what you find online. This is a great way to see how an essay should be written. If your school has a journal or magazine that focuses on academics, there are many topics that can be used. These are just some of the ideas that you can take advantage of.Another good source for ideas is books that have already been written by professional writers. These are always a good idea since you will learn from their writing styles. Some writers write like reporters so they will have many details on a particular subject.Always remember that the best essay is one that uses all of your writing skills. You can have lots of knowledge on a subject, but if you can't find the words to express yourself properly, it will still read well, but you won't get the desired result.These high school student essay samples will get you started down the right path in your writing career. You will have a better chance of finding success when you follow these guidelines.

Feminism And Equality Between Men And Women - 956 Words

Feminism and Equality Between Men and Women Feminism, the advocacy of women’s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men (Webster’s Thesaurus Dictionary). Feminist seek to find impartiality between the genders, in not only the work force, but many different aspects of their lives. Feminist are spectated to be individuals who believe in female domination, and that is not precise. Feminist believe that women and men should be treated equal to each other, neither sex defines who they are or makes them superior to the other. There is a certain thought that may come to ones mind when they hear the word, â€Å"feminist.† Many people do not understand that feminist are individuals who support the equality of men and women. The key word, is equality. According to Webster s Thesaurus Dictionary, equality is the state of being equal esp. in status, rights, and opportunities. Feminist, traditionally, are well-educated women who work along side men to achieve their goals. They are individuals that strive for the equality of men and women. There are many men that will define themselves as feminist as well. In an interview published by the Guardian at the weekend, an American novelist Jonathan Franzen, who represents himself as a male feminist stated, â€Å"I’m not a sexist. I am not somebody who goes around saying men are superior, or that male writers are superior. In fact, I really go out of my way to champion women’s work that I think is not getting enoughShow MoreRelatedFeminism And Social, Political, And All Other Rights Of Women1565 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the website Dictionary.com feminism is â€Å"the doctrine advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men.† While that statement is not necessarily wrong, it is awfully vague. The reason this statement is so vague is, according to many researchers, because feminism is an incredibly complex concept w ith many different interpretations. Susan Hekman (2013), for example, interprets feminism to be a radical movement that challenges the very fundament of modernismRead MoreDoes Feminism Create Equality?1037 Words   |  5 PagesDoes Feminism Create Equality? Feminism is an umbrella term for people who think there is something wrong with the idea that gender has the capability to limit an individual’s social and political right. Even if there is inequality between men and women, feminism has never been the main reason to give women their civil rights. Feminism started among European activists in the 19th century, when women were not treated equally and were not elected to high positions of power. Indeed, it sought to eliminateRead MoreFeminism : A Negative Effect On Society1608 Words   |  7 PagesFor many years, women have strived for gaining equality with men. They have been held back and their opportunities taken away from them because of the fact that they’re women. Feminism has had a profound negative effect in the past and is still having a negative effect in the high profile of modern society. Feminism is still as relevant today as it was when women were fighting for their right to vote. In modern society, women and men aren’t thought of equals, when compared to the strong, dominantRead MoreLiberal Feminism vs. Radical Feminism Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesLiberal Feminism and Radical Feminism The goal of feminism as both a social movement and political movement is to make women and men equal not only culturally, but socially and legally. Even though there are various types of feminism that focus on different goals and issues, the ultimate end to feminism is abolishing gender inequality that has negative effects on women in our society. The issues and goals that a feminist may have are dependent on the social organization or the type of economicRead MorePlato’s Republic: Proto-traditional Feminism and Modern Feminism1614 Words   |  7 PagesKallipolis, both men and women will serve as guardians and auxiliaries. Consequently, Plato appears to endorse feminist ideologies. Firs,t I will define proto-traditional feminism, and modern feminism. I will then argue that Plato presents Socrates, and thereby himself, as an advocate for feminism. However, I will show that Plato is only a feminist under the proto-traditional definition of feminism. He fails to fit the modern definition of feminism, as this definition is contingent on equality and equityRead MoreFeminism : Why Should It Exist And Be Required?1428 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism: Why Should it Exist and be Required? An American Activist by the name of Charlotte Bunch once said, â€Å"Feminism is an entire world view or gestalt, not just a laundry list of women’s issues.† Feminism can be known as the broad range of ideas, approaches, and ideologies directed towards advocating for gender equality for all. Feminism is a movement that seeks to achieve equality and social rights for everyone in all key areas which includes; education, personal, economic, employment, culturalRead MoreFeminism : Third Wave Feminism962 Words   |  4 PagesThird-Wave Feminism Feminism can have a different meaning depending on who you are and what time of history you are speaking of. Most people think of the second-wave of feminism in the 20th century when women fought for their rights for equality not just in the workplace but also their right to vote. The movement for gender equality was originally viewed as a great effort by women for women. Today feminism is a subtitle of equality. Giving us the new definition of feminism called third-wave feminism orRead MorePatriarchy And Gendered Inequality?1421 Words   |  6 PagesDo you agree that feminism remains a highly relevant ideology in its challenge to patriarchy and gendered inequality? The aim of this essay is to present some very important aspects of feminism as an ideology and its importance in today s world. It is commonly believed, that feminism is no longer needed and should be considered as successfully completed movement. However, there are many misinterpretations of this ideology, which should be corrected in order to fully understand its prime postulatesRead MoreFeminism : The First Wave Of Feminism1267 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism is a movement calling for social change, holding to a belief that women are oppressed by American society due to patriarchy’s inherent sexism. This social movement explained quite simply started in the 19th century when women fought for the right to vote, sought to improve workplace conditions for women as well as increase working opportunities. From this initial movement, called first wave feminism, stemmed other waves that though somewhere in the same vein, they held many differing goalsRead More Feminism Essay1662 Wo rds   |  7 Pagespast century saw women in Britain gain control of their fertility, acquire access to education and establish their status as equal citizens. The British social order came a long way from 1890s when women in Britain were legally restricted to the point they could not enter a contract, own property or have parental rights; unmarried women were challenged by society and pressured in to marriage (British History Oxford, 2007).The women’s rights and suffrage movements in the period between 1832 and 1918

Tip for Reusing a Turkey Thermometer

Did you know you could re-use the thermometer that comes with many frozen turkeys? It makes sense, when you think about it. Those thermometers contain a ball of metal and a spring. The thermometer is designed such that the metal will melt at the safe temperature for turkey meat (~180Â °F), releasing the spring and popping up the button. To reset the thermometer all you have to do is dip the tip of the thermometer in hot water (near-boiling will definitely work) to melt the metal. Push the button back down and remove the thermometer from the water, keeping the button depressed. Wait about a minute for the metal to cool, locking the spring back into place. There you go! If you dont cook turkey all that often, remember the thermometer is good for chicken or other poultry, too. Its much smaller than the typical meat thermometer and also much less likely to injure your hand if you go fishing around in a drawer for a thermometer that you rarely use. Youd need to cut open a turkey thermometer to confirm it is metal that holds the spring, as opposed to some polymer, but if is metal inside the thermometer, you should discard any thermometer with a damaged coating. Metals with low melting points tend to be toxic, after all. This also means that if you cut open your thermometer to examine its workings, you should use care and dispose of your experiment out of reach of children or pets.

Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay - 947 Words

Shirley Jacksons The Lottery The setting in a story helps to form the story and it makes the characters become more interesting. There are three main types of setting. The first is nature and the outdoors, second is objects of human manufacture and construction and the third is cultural conditions and assumptions. These three things help the reader to understand the characters better in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery;. The Lottery; is started out by being described as The morning of June 27th was clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full summer day.; The flowers are blooming and the children have just gotten out of school for the summer. To the everyday reader this story starts out as a pleasant one but†¦show more content†¦Another question that is answered is what time period this story is taking place. The men talked about tractors so this allows the reader to narrow the time period to 1935 and up. Tractors had not been invented before this time. Another mention of the time frame in this story is the clothes that the characters are wearing. The women wearing faded house dresses and sweaters, came shortly after their men folk;. This also shows the reader the time frame because it was not until after the 1930s that women started to wear housedresses and sweaters. It actually started to become popular in the forties and fifties to wear housedresses. This gives the reader an almost exact time period, which helps to add to the fear in the story that such a thing could happen 40 or 50 years ago. The second type of setting is the Human manufacture and Human Construction. The best example of this in the story is the lottery itself. The main basis of the lottery is to get rid of a member of the community. To do this a family is randomly chosen and from there a single-family member is chosen. It is all one big game of luck and chance to remove a member of the community. The lottery is starting to disappear in other towns but it still runs strong in this particular town. Jackson makes the entire setting spookier by not letting the reader find out the true meaning of the lottery until the very end of the story. ThisShow MoreRelatedShirley Jacksons The Lottery736 Words   |  3 Pagesjudge a book by its cover† could not be truer than with Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery†. Jackson’s title for the short story is in fact ironic leading the reading to assume the story to be cheerful and jolly, an assumption that could not be more wrong. â€Å"The Lottery† is about an annual lottery draw in a small town in New England. A tradition that has continued to be practiced for seventy years by the townspeople. This is not the lottery as we know it consisting of money, but the opportunityRead MoreShirley Jacksons The Lottery572 Words   |  3 PagesShirley Jacksons The Lottery   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shirley Jacksons The Lottery is an excellent example of an allegorical short story. In this story, the reader learns of a towns lottery that takes place once a year, every year. It has been a tradition in this small rural town for many years and the villagers never question these activities, they just blindly go along with it. But what the reader doesnt know is just what kind of prize the winner is going to obtain. Jacksons use of symbolism is shownRead More Shirley Jacksons The Lottery 946 Words   |  4 PagesShirley Jackson is said to be one of the most â€Å"brilliant and influential authors of the twentieth century.† â€Å"Her fiction writing is some of the most important to come out of the American literary canon.† (http://shirleyjackson.org/Reviews.html) Jackson wrote many short stories and even some books. They are more on the dark, witchlike side, however. Kelleher explains that Jackson stated in some interviews that she practiced magic. No one really knows if she was serious while practicing witchcraftRead MoreShirley Jacksons The Lottery888 Words   |  4 Pagesactually provides the foundation of a work, and this is the case in Shirley Jacksons â€Å"The Lottery.† In essence, Jackson has something disturbing to say about humanity and the force of tribal ritual. To that end, she creates a world that is itself wholly symbolic, even as there are smaller elements of symbolism within it. She also develops suspense based very much on the expansive symbolism of the environment. In â€Å"The Lottery,† Jackson gives evidence of how symbolism may be utilized to make aRead MoreIrony In Shirley Jacksons The Lottery863 Words   |  4 PagesCaleigh Bishop English 101 October 10, 2017 Formal Essay I The Many Instances of Irony in â€Å"The Lottery† In Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery,† she uses many examples of irony. Irony is the use of words that are the opposite of their usual meaning or what is expected to happen. The use of irony plays an important role in delivering Jackson’s sarcasm. The author holds our attention all throughout the story and builds our suspense by using irony with the characters and events that take placeRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery954 Words   |  4 Pagesthe authors message. Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† displays a masterful usage of literary elements to better convey Jackson’s general purpose, such as through the deep symbolism and underlying theme; however, Jackson’s true provocation of emotion is accomplished through her quintessential use of point of view. The objective point of view is indispensable within â€Å"The Lottery† because of the creation of suspense, drama, and irony. To begin with, the first reason why Jackson’s objective point of viewRead MoreAnalysis of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery490 Words   |  2 Pages In Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery,† the theme of the story is dramatically illustrated by Jackson’s unique tone. Once a year the villagers gather together in the central square for the lottery. The villagers await the arrival of Mr. Summers and the black box. Within the black box are folded slips of paper, one piece having a black dot on it. All the villagers then draw a piece of paper out of the box. Whoever gets the paper with the black dot wins. Tessie Hutchinson wins the lottery! Everyone thenRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery1303 Words   |  6 Pagespowerful force (qtd. in AZQuotes). In Shirley Jacksons chilling story The Lottery, a town celebrates a special custom of stoning people to death every year. Jackson perfectly depicts a possible event that may occur from blindly following tra dition without evaluating the purpose or usefulness of it in the first place. Jackson’s use of plot, theme, and symbolism reveal the evil reality of blind faith, tradition, and their consequences. Initially, Jackson’s twisted plot reveals the infinite, viciousRead MoreResearch Paper on Shirley Jacksons â€Å"The Lottery†1141 Words   |  5 PagesShirley Jacksons â€Å"The Lottery† is a short story about the annual gathering of the villagers to conduct an ancient ritual. The ritual ends in the stoning of one of the residents of this small village. This murder functions under the guise of a sacrament that, at one time, served the purpose of ensuring a bountiful harvest. This original meaning, however, is lost over the years and generations of villagers. The loss of meaning has changed the nature and overall purpose of the lottery. This ritualRead MoreAnalysis of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay776 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† is a short story by Shirley Jackson, first published on June 26, 1948. The story was initially met with negative critical reception due to its violent nature and portrayal of the potentially dangerous nature o f human society. It was even banned in some countries. However, â€Å"The Lottery† is now widely accepted as a classic American short story and is used in classrooms throughout the country. Jackson’s story takes a critical look at what can result when the customs and laws that govern

Effects of Drug Abuse free essay sample

Drug abuse is a growing issue all over the world, and while the concentration on drug awareness has dramatically increased over the years, the number of families effected by drug use continues to rise at an alarming rate. Drugs are defined as â€Å": a substance that is used as a medicine: an illegal and often harmful substance (such as heroin, cocaine, LSD, or marijuana) that people take for pleasure. † (Merriam-Webster, n. d). People that abuse drugs and the effects of this abuse can happen to anyone, in any walk of life and it happens all over the world every day. Drug abuse has happened to a great deal of people regardless of social status, financial stability, gender, or race. Drug abuse has been in in all societies for ages and it seems that the number of people effected by drug abuse continues to grow more each day. More and more people are becoming addicted to drugs and more and more families are being effected. Just as we start to learn about a one type of drug, another one is created. Drugs are imported into countries, exported out, smuggled in and out and some drugs are made at home and could be the house right next door. Drug abuse not only effects the person abusing the drugs but the people around them as well. The effects of drug abuse has many layers and sometimes can be a vicious cycle that lasts for generations. I grew up as a child that was around drugs from the day I was born. There is not a time in my childhood that drugs were not involved at some point. I was around so many different things that I actually thought it was normal. As I got older I realized that it was not right, but it was what I had always known so I didn’t think it was a big deal. When I moved out of my mother’s house at the age of 15 it was then that I realized just how abnormal my childhood was. My mother abused heroin, cocaine, marijuana and alcohol throughout my childhood. When I was 11 years old I walked in on my mother shooting up heroin. That day was a very devastating day for me as a child, however it was a day I will never forget because that was when I set it in my mind that I would never touch drugs. When I was 26 my mother passed away due to the long-term abuse she caused her body. When I became a parent myself I held on to a great deal of anger against my mother for exposing me to the drugs, but I realized that I although my mother subjected me to many harmful things it gave me knowledge to know firsthand what drug abuse does to the person and their family. I have been tempted to try drugs many times but each time I would think about the hardships I went through due to drugs and have always stopped myself from even trying them. I have seen how using a drug recreationally can turn into a habit and I would never want to put my child through the things I was subjected to. The medical effects of drug abuse can damage the human mind and body. There are numerous effects on the human body regardless of the type of drug used or the way it is used. Sometimes, the effects are short term such as memory loss or nausea, however there can also be long term effects that could damage your body and/or ultimately lead to death. Alcohol, amphetamines, and marijuana all have tremendous side effects and they can all damage your body. Some of the health issues related to drug abuse include cancer, stroke, lung disease, cardiovascular disease, hepatitis and even HIV/AIDS. Some of the dangers of abuse can happen with high doses of drugs or prolonged use of the drugs, however these dangers as well as death can still happen in just one use. Drug abuse not only effects the body, but the mind as well. Some of the mental effects of drug abuse can cause long term changes in the brain that can cause depression, anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations and anger issues. Drug addiction is a brain disease. Although initial drug use might be voluntary, drugs of abuse have been shown to alter gene expression and brain circuitry, which in turn affect human behavior. Once addiction develops, these brain changes interfere with an individual’s ability to make voluntary decisions, leading to compulsive drug craving, seeking and use. † (National Institute on Drug Abuse, n. d). There are many effects on society from drug abuse as well. Drug abuse effects the crime rate in many ways. With the number of drug users and drug distributors on the streets the use and distribution of illegal drugs causes huge crime problems. There is violence that comes from the lifestyle lead by those that sell the illegal drugs as well as from those that use the drugs. People that use illegal drugs are more likely to commit crimes and it is usual for many different offences including violent crimes. There are a large number of these offences that are committed my people using drugs or alcohol or ones that had used them previous to the offence. People that abuse the illegal drugs are often committing crimes like burglary and assault to get money to buy the drugs. This is an increasing problem in every society all over the world. According to Bureau Of Justice Statistics (n. d), and FBI Uniform Crime Report† (n.d), In 1973, there were 328,670 arrests reported by the FBIs Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) for drug law violations, out of a total 9,027,700 arrests nationwide for all offenses. Also that year, authorities reported 380,560 arrests for all violent crimes and 1,448,700 arrests for all property offenses. In 2012, the number of arrests for drug law violations rose to 1,552,432 out of a total 12,196,959 arrests nationwide for all offenses. Also in 2012, authorities reported 521,196 arrests for all violent crimes and 1,646,212 for all property offenses. Due to the number of children that are starting to use drugs, drug education is now more important than ever. â€Å"Adolescent Substance Abuse: Americas #1 Public Health Problem, † (2011) Teen users are at significantly higher risk of developing an addictive disorder compared to adults, and the earlier they began using, the higher their risk. Nine out of 10 people who meet the clinical criteria for substance use disorders involving nicotine, alcohol or other drugs began smoking, drinking or using other drugs before they turned 18. People who begin using any addictive substance before age 15 are six and a half times as likely to develop a substance use disorder as those who delay use until age 21 or older (28. 1 percent vs. 4. 3 percent). Drugs is an uncomfortable thing for parents to talk to their children about, but with the ease of access to drugs and alcohol it can make or break a child’s future. The age that children can access different types of drugs can start as early as 10 years old so drug awareness has to be started at an earlier age. Drug education has to start with the adults, parents and teachers. I feel that if this education were taught with more openness within adults then the effects of the education taught would affect layers of people. The effects of drug education would also trickle down through generations as well, just as the drug abuse itself effects families for generations. I feel that every person in all walks of life can relate to the effects of drug abuse on society in one way or another, almost everyone has had a loved one addicted to drugs or knows someone who has. I feel that awareness is the main key to decreasing the effects of drug abuse. I also feel that the awareness must be taught at an earlier age and without an age limit. People of all ages are tempted by the excitement or escape that drugs seem to offer and the effects of drug abuse can be endless. Drug abuse can affect the human body, human mind and can be fatal in many cases. Drug abuse can also affect the quality of life for the person abusing the drugs as well as the quality of life of loved ones. This battle is ongoing and must be fought restlessly to see results. This is a battle that society as a whole has to decide to fight in order for society as a whole to overcome.

AS Biology Coursework

AS Biology Coursework AS Biology Coursework Below is a short excerpt from an AS biology coursework written on the topic of biological species. The topic is rather broad and serves as an introduction to a narrowed research. Reading the following biology coursework sample, pay special attention to the sentence structure, use of terms, and format. writers are online 24/7 to help you with your coursework writing assignments. Moreover, our free writing blog is full of excellent sample essays and papers. If you need an expertmotivation coursework just follow this link: Species represents a biological balance, and an individual is also a balance or system in equilibrium. Within a species itself, individuals are similar but not identical. The differences are called variations, and when numbers of individuals exhibit the same variation they form a variety. A variety is distinguished from a race because the latter has greater constancy, whereas the former fluctuates in general and tends to disappear, whilst individuals showing such variation engender a line which continues over a larger or smaller number of generations and becomes approximated to the specific type. This is what Galton in 1889 termed "filial regression." Specific characters do exist representing a middle term, and on one side or the other of this average, we find variations which arithmetically follow Gauss's Law, or the Law of Mean Errors of the Calculus of Probabilities. This can be confirmed by taking the more distinctive characters. Thus height, weight, colour of eyes, basic intensity of metabolism, pulse, blood pressure, and so on. In species other than the human we can take for instance the weight of certain seeds, the height of a plant, the number of vertebrae in certain fish, and so forth. The graph showing such variations quantitatively is called a "Galton's curve," and demonstrates that individuals showing typical average characters of the species are the most numerous, whilst divergencies above and below such average diminish in proportion to the degree of variation of the character from the average type. Thus, for instance, the height of individuals: there is an average height, a distinctive feature for each species and t his will be the height of the majority of specimens. There are taller individuals and shorter ones, and the numbers of these outsiders decreases as their height differs more and more from the standard. There is furthermore, as we have repeatedly mentioned, a tendency to revert to the specific standard. Short parents and tall usually have offspring whose height is different from their own and more or less in accordance with the variance of the parents from the average standard. In all of these cases the tendency for "reversion to type," to "balance" in the species, is evident. There may well exist primitive species with a certain degree of stability, fairly constant in form, such as those distinguished by Jordan in 1848 as between the plants and the midpoint of the limits of a Linnaean species. Thus, for instance, in Viola tricolor, Jordan distinguished several dozen various species, independent and stable as regards the transmission of their characters through the seeds: with large, small and middling blossoms respectively identifiable through particular features of the component parts of the blossoms, seeds, and so on. AS Biology Coursework Writing Service AS biology coursework can be a pleasure for some students while it is a real nightmare for the rest. As a result, thousands of students turn to professional coursework writing service offered at our site to get help with their challenging assignments. Our biology writers are able to write customized (written from scratch) coursework on a wide array of topics. We guarantee no plagiarism and no copy/paste! Only original writing! Read also: Expository Essay Essay Writing Tips English Essay Writing Outline Conclusion Writing Cold War History Essay

Medical Ethics in Television Episodes essays

Medical Ethics in Television Episodes essays Medical ethics is one of the most hotly debated topics within modern ethical and moral discussions because it centers on the debate of the preservation of life. No where else is this more evident than in the surgery field, because ethical considerations and hard decisions have to be made on a daily basis. Greys Anatomy, an Emmy Award winning television show surrounding the drama of a surgical ward in Seattle, Washington attempts to accurately capture the ethical and moral dilemmas faced by surgeons on a daily level. The value conflict that this show attempts to exhibit the most within its episodes is the conflict between catering to patients desires and sticking to established professional protocol. The reason that this value debate is embedded in every episode is because it is a real situation that many surgeons face. Through the actions of Meredith Grey and her associates it is evident that the creators of this show value the welfare of patients over the adherence to professio nal standards and protocol. Patient desires and professional protocol is something that consistently overlaps. This occurs in primarily two categories; in the first scenario patients do not understand the full implications of medical decisions and as a result make personal decisions without fully understanding the circumstances. In the second scenario patients understand the implications of the medical decision, but make personal decisions that are exceptions to the existing protocol. These two scenarios exist in abundance within Greys Anatomy. The most poignant scene where this is evidenced is in the episode McVet is the New George. Dr. Addison faces an ethical dilemma, a pregnant woman who is going through her seventh birth asks her to secretly tie her tubes so that she cannot have anymore children. This woman is part of an extremely religious family in which her husband does not believe in the use of contraceptives...

Scenarios Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Scenarios - Essay Example Every teacher wants a classroom in which they are in charge. Paul is using the assertive discipline behavior to discipline his students, therefore he has set rules to manage the behavior of students, and there are consequences if such rules are broken. In this classroom case, Kurt is an example of an undisciplined student, who disobeys the set rules and regulations, and comes up with his own. The teacher has no other option but to manage the behavior of the student to ensure harmony is enforced in the classroom. This erratic behavior and exchange of word has made the classroom uncomfortable for both the student and the teacher, therefore it is not conducive for learning. Although the harm has been done, the teacher can still redeem the situation ( Tiberius, 1990). The teacher ought to explain to the class during the next class in a relaxed and friendly manner, by apologizing for not being in control of the situation. He should encourage the children to be co-operative. This situation will call for strict adherence to the rules and regulations, and Kurt must face repercussions for his erratic behavior. Because his emotions are in control, the teacher should negotiate with the students and come up with rules which they themselves find reasonable. The final rules should be hang on the wall and sent to the parents to sign and also take a copy to the school administration. Since Kurt ran away after class, it will be necessary to engage his parents, to ensure discipline is enhanced. In any classroom setting, there are those active learners who are ready to learn and are ready to gain new knowledge and think critically. They make the learning process fun and generate good ideas and outcomes. On the other hand, there are those who are aggressive resister, who basically resist any ideas and knowledge that contradicts what they know in the classroom. The last category of learners, are the apathetic loafers such as Michael who fill the space in the classroom and have litt le or nothing to contribute to the learning process. Some people may argue it’s not fair to conclude that a student is lazy and apathetic because you do not live inside their bodies and what you can see to be the contributing factors are the external reasons( Tiberius, 1990). Various reasons contribute to a learner being called apathetic, for example they think that learning will not be of much help to them in future or they have trouble at home. Such a student has low self esteem and has probably experienced failure in the past, so they develop an† I don’t care attitude†. In the past, this has worked and people left him alone. The first step to deal with this is to come up with strategies that uplift the student to feel good about him. A good way is to put the student to engage in an activity that will show they are valuable in the classroom. The privilege should be presented as a request rather than a question, so that the student is not in a position to either say yes or no. The student may not look excited, but the teacher should not be discouraged. The teacher should ignore any apathetic behavior from the learner by all means, but always praise any form of good behavior from the student. The solution to such a student has to come from three different sources; teachers, learners and students. Apathetic students should be encouraged to and made

Financial Reporting in New Zealand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial Reporting in New Zealand - Essay Example Therefore, financial reporting provides information that assist investors, creditors, and others assess the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of prospective net cash inflows to the related enterprise. Decision makers' uses information in the financial report on how to base investment, credit and other decisions underlies the objectives of financial reporting. A critical evaluation is done in relation to the usefulness of the financial reporting and the purpose it serves. This paper discusses if the provision of a true and fair view of an entity's financial position and performance is required by law. It shows the importance of conceptual framework and why we use regulations that are part of Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (GAAP) to govern financial reporting in New Zealand. Companies, issuers and all public sector entities in New Zealand are required under legislation to act with accordance with General Accounting Acceptable Principles (GAAP) when presenting their external financial reports. According to New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants, they ensure that those involved in preparation of financial reports of entities to comply with General Accounting Acceptable Principles (GAAP) and any nonconformity should be reported. (New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants, 2006) Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are accounting rules that are used to prepare financial statements for publicly traded companies and private companies as well as non profit making organisations. The generally accepted accounting principles operate under a different set of assumptions, principles, and constraints. GAAP ensures that the financial statements are useful to relevant users as they have the following essential qualities. Relevancy: A relevant information assist users of the financial statements to predict the future event in relation to the present and the past. This information must be available before the decision is made, so for this case they make a difference in decision making. Reliability: The information presented in the financial statement should be reliable i.e. if an independent auditor verifies it using the same method; he should be able to get the same result. Comparable: The financial reported should also be able to be reported in the same manner for a different organisation hence one can compare financial results of different companies. Consistent: This means that the same accounting method applied should be the same from period to period should be well explained and justified. This allows comparison of financial statements of the same company of different periods. For GAAP to achieve its objectives, it is usually guided by basic assumptions, principles and constrains. The Assumptions includes: Economic Entity Assumption: There is an assumption that the business is

The Leadership Member Exchange Theory

The Leadership Member Exchange Theory There are different leadership theories that have been proposed. Some of these are the leadership member exchange theory, transformational leadership theory, path-goal theory and situational approach theory. In this paper the above four theories will be studied in seeking to help the students have a deeper insight into the leadership styles and where they are best applied. Leadership-member exchange theory Also known as LMX or vertical dyad linkage theory it seeks to describe how leaders in groups are able to maintain their position by having tacit exchange agreements with their subordinates. Through the special relationship with the leader the in-group members have access to high levels of responsibility, are influential in decision making and are also able to access resources. However, the members of in-group pay for this privilege by working hard, being committed to task objectives and also share more administrative duties. In addition, these members are also expected to show loyalty and commitment to their leader. On the other hand, the members of out-group have little responsibility, have little influence in decision-making and find it hard to access the resources. The LMX process according to House (1971) has three stages and starts when one joins the group. The first one is the role taking where the member joins the teams and the leader examines his or her capabilities. It is then that the leader decides whether to give this member an opportunity or not. Knox and Inkster (1968) argue that during this stage it becomes important for the leader and the member to lay down a foundation on rules of engagement. The tacit agreement takes pace in the second phase where the informal arrangement takes place between the leader and the member. The role is created for this member, which also comes with benefits. In return this member is supposed to pay by being dedicated and being loyal. Linville, Fischer and Salovey (1989) observe that at this stage trust building is pivotal. As such if the leader feels betrayed he or she is likely to demote the member to the out-group. This stage also involves other factors such as relationships and the similarity with the leader. A member who has similarity is likely to have positive relationships according to this theory. Similarly, in the case where the leader and the member are of same gender this relationship is also likely to be positive as this informal arrangement is often built on respect. More over, this relationship is likely to be affected by culture and race. According to Lippman (1982) the third process in LMX theory is routinization. It is in this phase that a continuous social exchange between the two parties is established. This relationship is built on trust and there is a tendency to find a member of senior teams having similarity with their leader. Maas, Ceccarelli and Rudin (1996) add that the members are reasonable, sensitive, empathetic and are able to follow the idea of their leader. On the contrary the members of the out-group have opposite characteristics. In particular, they are likely to be aggressive, sarcastic and egocentric. Lippman (1982) describes the in-group members as having more confidence, more involved, communicative and being more dependable. In addition, these members go beyond their formal job description and as such the leader reciprocates by expanding their role. The members of the outer group are less compatible with the leader and just report to work, carry out the responsibilities given and go back home. Ainslie (1974) is of the opinion that under this theory the member of the in-group is more productive owing to this social exchange with their leader. Indeed, under LMX there is likely to be less workers turnover, more positive performance, more positive performance evaluations, more promotions, greater participation and support for the leaders vision and positive job attitude (Ainslie, 1975). This theory has strength as those who contribute more are able to enjoy more benefits than new members of the out-group. It identifies the dyadic relationship and underlines the importance of effective leader member exchanges. However, the leaders need to be careful on whom they allow in the in-group and should only bed one on the work performance only. This should not be based on race, ethnicity, sex or religion. The critics of this find it unfair as the members are treated unequally. Transformational leadership According to this theory transformational leadership is a process that changes people. It entails dealing with the emotions, values, standards, ethics and long-term goals. The followers motives and needs are satisfied by having a visionary leadership. The two parties are bound together in a transformations process. According to Bass (1990) the leaders transform the followers through: Making them aware of the importance and the value of the task. Making the followers understand the importance of focusing on the organizational goals rather than individual interest Activating their high-order needs In his argument Bass (1990) finds that charisma is necessary as it helps to invoke positive and strong emotions. In addition, it also causes the followers to identify with the leaders. Charisma is defined as a personality characteristic and gives the holder superhuman powers. It is only possessed by a few and is often regarded to have divine origin. The writer further argues that authentic transformational leadership is based on idealized influence, intellectual stimulation, inspirational stimulation and individualized consideration (Ainsworth, 1963). The idealized influence describes the leaders who have strong role models characteristics. The followers are happy to identify and emulate these leaders. Through inspirational motivation the leaders communicate their high expectations to their followers. They followers become inspired and become a part of the organizations goal and vision. On the other hand, through the concept of intellectual stimulation the followers are made to be mo re creative and innovative (Graen Cashman, 1975). This is achieved by the leader giving them the right platform where they challenge their own beliefs and values. The followers are also able to question the values of their leader. By individual consideration the leaders provide an enabling climate in which they listen and address the individual concerns raised by their followers (Granovetter, 1973). This also based on the three moral aspects which include The moral character of the leader The ethical values in the leaders vision. This may either be accepted or rejected by the followers. The level of the morality of social ethical processes that the followers and the leader use. However, Burn (1978) looks at transformational leadership as a prowess in which the leaders and followers are engaged in the mutual process of uplifting, motivating others and lifting up the morality. This theory assumes that a leader who has a high moral position is likely to attract a following. It could also be argued that the leaders appeal to the higher ideals and values which the followers are highly attached to. The followers have a shared background on social values and this encourages them to collaborate rather than each following his or her individual interests. It could be argued that leaders who promote this leadership invoke motivation and instill sense of identity and meaning to the workers. According to a research by Bennis and Nanus the leaders had a clear vision of the future of their establishments (Ainsorth, 1978). In addition, they were social architects and motivated the workers by building trust. This is possible through making a clear position and standing by it. As Bailey (1985) puts it the leaders use creative deployment of self through positive self regard. According to North House (2007) the theory has been well researched since 1970s and shares similar idea with the expectations of the society. Moreover, this theory treats leadership as a process which takes place between the leaders and the followers. A big emphasis is also is put on the followers needs vales and morals. The cons of this theory are that the leader seems to work on his or her own and does not allow input from the followers. It is also elitist and undemocratic and is not likely to work where the decision making is supposed to be a shared responsibility. The four constructs; inspirational motivation, individualized consideration, idealized influence and intellectual stimulation are hard to measure. These constructs are also similar to each other and is hard to make out their difference. A questionnaire ideal for this theory Not at all once in while sometimes Fairly Often Frequently 0 1 2 3 4 Idealized influence (attributes) I go beyond self interest for the good of the group ___ Idealized influence (behaviors) I consider the moral and ethical consequences of decisions ____ Inspirational motivation I talk optimistically about the future ____ Intellectual stimulation I re-examine critical assumptions to question whether they are appropriate ____ Individualized consideration I help others to develop their strengths ____ Situational leadership The leader need not rely on transactional and transformational methods only and the best cause of action that leader has to take depends on situational factors. Some of the factors likely to affect the situational decisions include motivation and the capability of followers. Yukl (1989) identifies six variables. The subordinate effort is concerned with the motivation and the effort put. The subordinate ability and clarity is concerned with followers understanding their role and how to do it. The organization of work is important and looks at how the work is structured and also the utilization of resources. The other variable is the cooperation and the cohesiveness of the group. The availability of resources and support is also important. Finally, Yukl also cites external condition as the sixth variable and defines the need to collaborate with other groups. Tannerbaum and Schmidt (1958) found out that the forces in the situation, in the leader and the followers as the forces leading to the leaders action. Similar sentiments were shared by Maier (1963) who observed that leaders need to look at the possibility of the followers agreeing with certain a decision and also the importance of carrying out that task. As such the leader is encouraged to take a certain action to avoid the implication of failing to do so. According to this style the leader is meant to come up with the style of leadership depending on the willingness and the commitment of the follower in performing a particular task. Directing This becomes necessary where there is low competence and commitment from the follower. The leader is not highly concerned with the relationship between him or her and the follower but makes sure the tasks are carried out. This also becomes necessary as the incompetence is corrected by the role the leader plays. Take for instance a situation where instead of the leader taking a directing role, he or she seeks to find out the reason why the follower is not motivated and why he or she is not capable of carrying out a particular task. This could leave some work undone as the leader will refrain from assigning duties which he feels the follower cannot perform well. The followers also end up having low confidence which affects their output. Coaching This applies when the follower has some competence or is over confident on his or her capabilities. Telling such followers what to do may de-motivate them and resistance is likely to result. This makes the leader to look for an alternative on how to work, clarify and explain decisions. This calls for the leader to spend time listening and advising where he or she feels necessary. The follower is able to refine his or her skills through this coaching. Supporting This is necessary when the follower can do the job but is not putting in enough commitment. This case differs from the above cases as the leader is not concerned with showing the follower what to do. It also becomes important for the leader to engage with the follower to identify the reasons why he or she is refusing to cooperate. Motivation becomes the key to improving the followers performance. The leaders should take time listening and praising the follower whenever he or she makes an achievement. Delegating This according to Hersey and Blanchard (1999) is applicable when the follower is highly competent, is highly committed, is motivated and is able and willing to carry out the various tasks assigned. The follower should be left alone to go on with the delegated duties although a distant eye from the leader is necessary. This is necessary in order to monitor how the follower is progressing. Although the followers do not need support and frequent praise it is recommended for the leader to occasionally recognize their efforts. Normative model According to Vroom and Yetton (1973), decision on acceptance increases commitment and participation increase decision acceptance. The decision quality helps in selecting the best alternative and is applicable when there are several alternatives. This becomes necessary when there are serious consequences for not doing so. The decision acceptance on the other hand is concerned with the acceptance of the decisions the leader makes. Leaders should focus more on decision acceptance than decision quality. Vroom and Yetton (1973) came up with five different decision procedures. The first one is when the leader knows information and then makes the decision alone. The second one is when he or she obtains the information from the followers and then makes the decision alone. These two are autocratic and the followers are sidelined in the decision making. The leader may also opt to share the problem with the followers individually. He or she then listens for their input and makes the decision al one. Alternatively the leader shares the problem with the followers but this time as a group. He then notes down their ideas but makes the decision alone. These two procedures are consultative and the participation of the followers is valued. Finally the leader may shares the problem with the group and the decision is arrived at through consensus. However there are situational factors that are likely to affect these five alternatives. The first two methods are not recommended when the followers possess useful information. In addition, this it is not also recommended when the decision quality is pivotal. When the leader sees decision quality as vital but the members do not then group based decision making should be avoided. This is necessary in avoid the implication of the bad decision making where a consensus solution is arrived at. On the contrary, if the leader feels he or she lacks the right skills and information to handle an unstructured problem a collective a decision arrived through consensus becomes appropriate. Similarly, when the decision acceptance is important and the followers are likely to resist an autocratic decision a leader then the first two methods where the leader sources information from them and then makes the decision are inappropriate. When decision masking is highly valued and the members are unlikely to acceptance each others idea then it is in-appropriate to use the autocratic methods or share the problem with them individually. This is because the differences are unable to be resolved if these methods are used. When the decision quality is not essential but decision acceptance is paramount then a group based decision becomes a must to avoid disgruntled followers. The same case applies when the decision quality is of essence and the followers consent with this. Path-Goal Theory The theory was inspired by Mark G. Evans from the expectancy theory. The perception of the degree to which a particular will result to a certain outcome is important (Dawes, 1996). The leaders behavior should be source of inspiration to the subordinates and should also be able to motivate them. The theory is based on the idea that the leaders should offer encouragement and support to their followers. This is ensured by rewarding the followers. The leader should also clarify the path to the subordinates so they can make a choice on their own. The leader should also remove the hurdles which stand on the followers paths. It is also worthy to point out that the leaders may opt to take a limited or full approach in supporting the members. For instance, the leader may give directions or offer hints. House and Mitchell (1974) argue that under this theory four leadership styles can be found. Directive leadership The leader guides the followers appropriately and directs them what to do. This may also entail offering them time-lines on the duties to be carried out and when. This is also recommended where the task given to the members is unstructured. As such the followers are likely to find it hard understanding the role required Participative leadership The leaders also consult with their followers before arriving at a decision. This becomes even more important when the insight from the members is likely to be invaluable. Supportive leadership In increasing the followers work performance it is necessary to show concern for their welfare. The leader should also create a friendly working environment and this is especially recommended where the work is stressful. Achievement-oriented leadership The leader sets challenging goals in work and for self-improvement. In such an instance, the leader sets high standards which the followers are encouraged to attain. The leader also places a lot of faith in their ability to perform the tasks assigned. When the role is complex this method becomes appropriate. The leaders are meant to show the way which the members are expected to follow. The leadership should have foresight and should be able to see the way of achieving goals in future. The followers depend on the leader for the guidance. It also worth mentioning that this theory assumes that the leaders change their leadership styles according to contextual factors. The theory proposes two contingency variables; environment and follower characteristics (Evans, 1970). These variables affect the behavior outcome relationship. The environmental factors determine the type of leader behavior which is appropriate. This is necessary in order to maximize the follower performance. On the other hand, the follower characteristics are concerned with the locus of control, perceived ability and experience (Deci, 1971). These four styles are receptive to the needs of the followers and adapt towards the prevailing situation making the leader to be more effective.

Parking on Campus Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parking on Campus is a Pain New students entering Western Michigan University are allowed to have a car on campus. With every new freshmen class entering each year, parking poses a problem. WMU is already limited in its parking on campus and since freshmen are allowed to have cars, the students are faced with the dilemma of having nowhere to park or parking quite far from their destination. There are parking problems all over the campus, creating backups in residence hall and other lots, resulting in students parking illegally to avoid walking far distances, which can be quite irritating in the bitter cold. Parking closer seems like the rational thing to do, but it is a risk, which can result in hundreds of dollars worth of traffic tickets, or having your car toed away. Having a car last semester, it was very inconvenient for me to park when it came to driving to class. I was disappointed by the amount of tickets I received, making my parents question whether I really needed a car. I might get a new car next semester but in all honesty I don’t really know if it’s worth it or not, especially if you're living on campus. Riding the bus only involves a shorter walk to class, and I can usually find rides to other places from someone else. Most students however, do want a car and shouldn’t have to think if they should really need one just because of the parking problem on campus. Parking legally by the residence halls is almost impossible. Students who live at particular dorms find themselves faced with the problem of having to park on the other side of campus. Students who live in the valleys comment that they are surprised with the numerous tickets that are written every day and how it isn’t always clearly spelled out where they can park. They complain on how some parking spaces involve lengthy walks in the freezing cold weather, and how easily the lots fill up. Whenever I'm riding with someone and they have to park by my hall or any other, they usually park in the 30 min parking and leave their car there for hours, or in the faculty lots to avoid walking from the lot up the hill. These actio... ...the school eventually gets enough funding they could build more student lots in more well-located spaces, which would greatly reduce the problem. Removing certain designated letter labeled parking lots would construct a first come first served system for everyone, reducing the amount of tickets issued. Parking has become a problem concerning many more students compared to staff. With enough funding, voting, and hard work, I think that eventually they will think of more ways to make parking more convenient for everyone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parking has been a problem on Western’s campus for a while. Only time will tell if it will get any better or not. The biggest contributing factor seems to be that freshmen are allowed to have cars, creating the dilemma of backed lots, parking somewhere else, or risking parking illegally in other spaces. Freshmen will continue to be allowed to have cars for now because WMU wants their students to have a certain level of freedom and make their own decisions. Realizing many lots will be backed can be a pain but it’s the price to pay for allowing every student to have a car on campus.

A paper on mother teresa for philosophy class Essay

â€Å"There is only one God and he is God to all; therefore it is important that everyone is seen as equal before God. I have always said that we should help a Hindu become a better Hindu, a Muslim become a better Muslim, a Catholic become a better Catholic.†(Mother Teresa) Mother Teresa was a unique soul that help and impacted many unfortunate people in this world by holding the word of god near and dear in her heart. She devoted her life to the dying, the cripple, the mentally ill, the unwanted, and fully enjoyed every minute of it. She was fulfilling her life mission to work among the poorest of poor. Mother Teresa was born in Skopje, or now know as Yugoslavia, on August 27, 1910. She was given the name Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu. She was one of five children born to Nukola and Dronda Bojaxhui, yet only three survived. Her brother described their family’s first years as being well of not he peasants life reported inaccurately by some. In fact the family lived in one of the two houses that they owned. In her childhood she attended Roman Catholic school. About the age of 12 she new that her lives calling was to help the poor. When she was 18 she joined the Sister of Laredo, and Irish community of nuns with a mission located in Calcutta. After only a few months of training in Dublin she was sent to India where she took her initial vows in 1928 as a nun. She then took upon the name Teresa from Saint Teresa of Lisieux, the Patron Saint of foreign missionaries, and also and also honoring Teresa of Avila. Upon taking her vows she was sent to St. Mary’s a high school for girls in the district of Calcutta. Here she started her career teaching history and geography which she throughly enjoyed for the next 15 years. It was in this somewhat protected environment for the daughters of the  wealthy that her new vocation developed and grew. Mother Teresa received her second calling in 1946 while on a train to Darjeeling for a 8 day of spiritual exercises. She knew at this very moment that she was â€Å"to serve amongst the poorest of poor.† â€Å"Christ is hidden under the suffering appearance of anyone who is hungry, naked, homeless, or dying.†(Mother Teresa) during the next two years she  pursued every avenue to follow ans never doubted the direction that God was leading her into. In 1948 she was granted permission to leave her post a the convent and begin ministry among the sick and needy. This permission was not easily granted she had to receive special permission from the Archbishop of Calcutta to serve the poor openly and on the streets. It was at this time that she shed the normal habit and wore the ordinary dress of an Indian woman, a plain white sari and sandals. This was also the year that she became a Indian citizen. â€Å"The poor do not our sympathy and our pity. The poor need our love and compassion.† (Mother Teresa) she first went to Patna for a few short months to prepare for her future work by taking a nursing course. She also at this time found a small hovel to rent and began her new mission in life. She started by teaching the children in the slums. Even though she had none of the proper equipment to run a proper school she made creative ways to let this system work. She tried her best to make the children of the poor literate and also to teach them basic hygiene. This school is still in work today it has currently more than 250 pupils. As the children became to know and love her, she started to visit the poor and ill in their families and all others in the surrounding shacks. She also was inquiring about all their basic necessities that were not being met. Within a year she found much needed help. Young woman were using her as an example to share with the poor some much needed compassion. Most of these young woman became the core of her Missionaries of Charity. Some of the woman offered food, clothing, use of buildings, medical supplies and also gifts of money. As the following grew the more and more services that Teresa and her followers could provide the huge number of suffering people. From the birth of Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta new vocations starting springing up in all parts of the world. Some of the mission include homes for the dying, refuges for the care and teaching or orphans and abandon children, treatment center and hospitals for those suffering from leprosy and many more but this list is endless. â€Å"I don’t know what God is doing. He knows. We do not understand, but of one  thing I am sure, He doesn’t make mistakes.† (Mother Teresa) In 1952 Mother Teresa opened the Nirmal Friday or Pure of Heart Home for Dying Destitutes in Calcutta. It was in this home that she and fellow sisters took in homeless Indians during the days before their deaths. Here Mother Teresa and other sisters cleaned the maggots from the rotting faces of the leprosy victims, washed emaciated bodies of the severely malnourished, and held the hands of the dying. All this so the unfortunate could die in peace and with some dignity. This was one of her philosophies on life: â€Å"People are hungry for God. Quite often we look but do not see. We are all passing through this world. We need to open our eyes and truly see..† â€Å"Love does not measure; it just gives.† (Mother Teresa). In 1962 she received the Padma Shri award for distinguished, The Pope John XXIII Peace Prize in 1971, the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979, the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1985, and the Congressional Gold Medal in 1997. She gratefully accepted all the awards on the behalf of the poor and used all proceeds to help her centers for the poor. It was not until 1980 that she actually was forced to scale back her activities because of her declining health. And in 1987 she officially stepped down as the head of the order and her predisuccessor Sister Nirmala was sworn in as the new leader. Mother Teresa still worked in her projects just on a smaller level until her dying day. â€Å"All of us must be saints in this world. Holiness is a duty for you and me. So let us be saints and so give glory to the Father.† (Mother Teresa). On September 5, 1997 Mother Teresa ate her last meal and afterward returned to her room for silent prayer. And very peacefully she took her last breath. Her funeral service was help in September 13, 1997. This was 51 years after receiving her first vows from God. In her own eyes she was â€Å"God’s pencil- a tiny bit of pencil with which he writes what he likes.† At her death she had an enormous following. Missionaries of Charity had 4,000 nuns and ran 517 orphanages, soup kitchens, homeless shelters and clinics around the world. The groups headquarters are only located 5 minutes where Mother Teresa life started. â€Å"We can do no great things in life, only small things with love.† (Mother Teresa). On October 25, 2003 Pope John Paul II will beatify Mother Teresa of Calcutta. The beatification of the Macedonia born nun will take place in Rome, three days after the Pope celebrates his 25 year of papacy. The process leading to the beatification has been the shortest in modern history. In early 199, John Paul II waived the normal 5 year waiting period and allowed the immediate opening of her canonization cause. In 2002, the Holy Father recognized the healing of a Indian woman as the miracle needed to beatify Mother Teresa of Calcutta. The healing that occurred was on the first anniversary of Mother Teresa’s death. It involved a non Christian woman that had a huge abdominal tumor and woke up to find the tumor gone. Members of the Missionaries of Charity prayed for their founder intervention to help the sick woman. And it seems that her spirit once again helped a poor soul regain her dignity and love of life back. Even from the grave Mother Teresa is helping the less fortunate. In 2001, on the Feast of the Assumption of Mary, officials closed the diocesan inquiry into Mother Teresa’s sanctity. The year-long process of gathering testimony from those who knew of her and her work is the first major step to Sainthood. The previous year in Calcutta marking Mother Teresa’s birth anniversary, Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim admirers joined for a common prayer in speeding up her canonization process. Her follower have great faith that the miracles needed to make Mother Teresa a saint will be provided. These miracles are required to prove her sainthood. I am not a religious person but I also believe that she will become a saint sue to her great love of helping others. She has not only brought people closer together and helped too many people to count. She found her love of God the way to help others. She is one in a million and deserves respect from all people. She has brought people from many religious backgrounds together and taught them: With love comes great responsibility, and this had actions. She was a person that let nothing stand in her way. Thus proving to everyone to make a difference. She is a great philosopher of the world. Touching many people in her life time and bringing dignity to the poor. â€Å"God made the world wealthy enough to feed and clothe everyone.† (Mother Teresa). She brought her love of God to the world and presented it to everyone never doubting her faith and mission in life. I think that everyone could learn from her example, and make a difference in this world. There are a lot of great people in this world and I think she proves that regardless of religious affiliation we can all join together for a common cause. To help anyone in need. â€Å"There is no greater sickness in the world today than the lack of love.† (Mother Teresa) Bibliography Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Bibliogrophy By Kathy Spink, Printed in Sepember of 1998 Something Beautiful for God By Malcolm Muggeridge, Printed in November of 1996 Mother Teresa the Path of Love Homepage

Dr Ram Manohar Lohiya National - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4357 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? For the purpose of making project in the subject Administrative Law, a very distinct and important topic has been taken as the central issue of it. The Doctrine of Substantial Ultra Vires which is the present issue in concern is a substantial principle of administrative law having its own importance and influence in the legal scenario irrespective of the boundaries of law. Therefore the research would be deliberating upon the topic concerned. Research methodology to be followed: To deliberate upon the issue Doctrine of Substantial Ultra Vires will be dealt in a systematic and particular way. In this regard, Doctrinal approach has been adopted and compilation from literary sources, course materials, articles, reviews, e-databases and books have been given special importance. Along with founding sources the recent developments in form of judicial pronouncement and case study has also been incorporated in this project. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dr Ram Manohar Lohiya National" essay for you Create order The Doctrine of Ultra Vires: An Introduction The doctrine of ultra vires is the basic doctrine in administrative law. The doctrine envisages that an authority can exercise only so much power as is conferred on it by law. An action of the authority is intra vires when it falls within the limits of the power conferred on it but ultra vires if it goes outside this limit. The doctrine of ultra vires has two aspects: substantive and procedural. When a piece of delegated legislation is declared to be ultra vires, it is void and becomes unenforceable. It cannot affect the rights and duties of any person. Until a rule is declared invalid by a court, it is presumed to be valid. If the valid and the invalid parts of a rule can be severed, only then the invalid portion of the rule is quashed and the valid portion can continue to remain operative. However, if the valid and the invalid parts are inextricably mixed up, then the entire rule has to go. A void rule cannot be the basis of any administrative action. No one can be prosecuted under a void rule. The validity of a rule can be challenged in a court either directly or collaterally, or by way of defense to a civil claim based on the impugned rule, or as a defense in a prosecution for infringing the rule. A person can challenge the validity of administrative action by challenging the validity of the relevant rule. A person whose interest is affected adversely by a piece of del egated legislation can directly challenge its vires in a court. The court may grant an injunction or declaration or issue mandamus or award damages to the affected person as may be suitable. If the subordinate or delegated legislation goes beyond the scope of authority conferred on the delegate or it is in conflict with the parent or enabling act, it is called substantive ultra vires. The validity of the subordinate or delegated legislation may be challenged before the Courts on this ground. Grounds on which Delegated legislation may be challenged Enabling or Parent Act is unconstitutional: In India, there is supremacy of the Constitution and therefore an act passed by the Legislature is required to be in conformity with the constitutional requirement and if it is found to be in violation of the constitutional provisions, the court declares it unconstitutional and void. If enabling or parent act (i.e the act providing for the delegation) is void and subordinate or delegated legislation made under the act will also be declared to be unconstitutional and therefore void. The limits of the Constitution may be express and implied. Express Limit: Articles 13, 245 and 246 provide the express limits of the constitution. Article 13(1) provides that all laws in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of the constitution in so far as they are inconsistent with the provisions of Part III (fundamental rights) shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void. According to article 13(2), the state shall not make any law which takes away or abridges t he rights conferred by part III (i.e the Fundamental Rights) and any law made in contravention of this clause shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void. Article 13(3) makes it clear that for this purpose, unless the context otherwise requires , law includes any ordinance, order, by law, rule, regulation, notification, custom or usage having in the territory of India, the force of law. The legislature, thus, cannot violate the provisions of part III of the constitution granting the fundamental rights. If the parent or enabling Act is violative of the Fundamental Rights granted by part III of the constitution, it will be declared by the court as unconstitutional and void, and the subordinate or delegated legislation made under the act will also be held to be unconstitutional and void. Article 245 makes it clear that the legislative powers of the parliament and that of the state legislatures are subject to the provisions of the constitution. Parliament may make laws for th e whole or any part of the territory of India and the legislatures of a state make laws for the whole or any part of the state. No law made by the parliament shall be deemed to be invalid on the ground that it would have extra territorial operation. The state legislature can make law only for the State concerned and, therefore, the law made by the state legislature having operation outside the state would be invalid. In the matter of Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal, the Karnataka Cauvery Basin Irrigation Protection Ordinance, 1991 was declared unconstitutional on certain grounds including the ground that it had extra territorial operation inasmuch as it interfered with the equitable rights of Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry to the waters of Cauvery River. In short, no law made by Parliament shall be deemed to be invalid on the ground that it would have extra territorial operation. However, the law made by the state legislature may be challenged on the ground of extra territorial opera tion. If the parent act is declared to be unconstitutional, then the delegated legislation made under such act would also be declared to be unconstitutional and thus, void. Article 246 makes provisions in respect of the distribution of powers between the powers between the Parliament and the State legislatures. From article 246 and the seventh schedule, it becomes clear that the subjects have been divided into three categories Union list, State list and Concurrent list. Parliament has exclusive power to make laws with respect to any of the matters or subjects enumerated in the Union list and of the legislature of any state has power to make laws for such state or any part thereof with respect to any of the matters or subjects enumerated in the State list. Parliament and State Legislatures both have power to make laws with respect to any of the matters or subjects enumerated in the Concurrent List, but In the case of conflict between the law made by Parliament and a law made by t he State Legislature with respect to such matter or subject, the law made by Parliament shall prevail and the laws made by the State Legislature, to the extent of repugnancy. be void, unless the law made by the State Legislature has received the assent of the President. Implied limit: If the Enabling or Parent Act violates the implied limit of the Constitution, it will be ultra vires the Constitution and therefore It will be void and the delegated legislation made under the Act will also be unconstitutional and void. The implied limit of the Constitution Is that essential legislative function entrusted to the legislature by the Constitution cannot be delegated by it. The essential legislative function consists of the determination of the legislative policy and its formulation as a rule of conduct. The legislature delegating its legislative power must lay down the legislative policy and guidelines regarding the exercise of tin delegated power by delegate. The delegation of essenti al legislative function is taken as abdication of essential legislative function by the Legislature and this is not permitted by the Constitution. In a case the Supreme Court has made it clear that the essential legislative function which consists of the determination of the legislature policy cannot be delegated. Such delegation would amount to abdication of the essential legislative functions. The Supreme Court has made it clear that the excessive delegation is not permissible. The doctrine of excessive delegation has played an important role in controlling the practice of delegated legislation. Excessive delegation is taken as abdication of essential legislative function by the legislature. The delegation must not be unguided and uncontrolled. If the delegation is excessive, the Enabling Act or Parent Act will be unconstitutional and therefore void and the delegated legislation made under such Enabling or Parent Act will also be unconstitutional and void. Subordinate or delegated legislation is ultra vires the Constitution: Sometimes it is found that the Enabling or Parent Act is not violative of the Constitution, but the subordinate or delegated legislation made under It violates the provisions of the Constitution. Such subordinate or delegated legislation will be unconstitutional and void, though the Enabling or Parent Act is perfectly valid. Thus, the subordinate or delegated legislation, (e.g., rules, regulations, by- laws, etc.) made under the Enabling or Parent Act may be unconstitutional while the Enabling or Parent Act is constitutional. Article 31-B of the Constitution of India is also notable here. The Acts and Regulations Included in the IXth Schedule of the Constitution are protected under Article 31-B against the ground of Infringement of any of the Fundamental Rights, but not against other grounds. The protection of Article 31-B is available only to the Acts or Regulations placed In the IXth Schedule of the Constitution. If an Act Is placed under the IXth Schedule, the protection of A rticle 31-B will be available to such Act, but this protection will not be available to the delegated legislation made under It. Thus, the delegated legislation may be challenged on the ground that it violates the Constitution, even though the Enabling or Parent Act under, which it has been made is protected by Article 31-B. (Legislature in 9th schedule is not under judicial scrutiny) (zamindari abolishment Act) Delegated legislation is ultra vires the Enabling or Parent Act: The validity of the subordinate or delegated legislation can be challenged on the ground that it is ultra vires the Enabling or Parent Act. If the subordinate or delegated legislation made by the delegate is in excess of the power conferred by the Enabling or Parent Act or is in conflict with the provisions of the Enabling or Parent Act or is made w ithout following the procedure required by the Enabling or Parent Act to be followed by the delegate, the delegated or subordinate legislation will be invalid on the ground that it Is ultra vires the Enabling or Parent Act. The validity of the exercise of power is tested on the basis of the Prussians as it stands currently and not on the basis of that it was before. When it is made in excess of the power conferred by the Enabling or Parent Act: The subordinate or delegated legislation is held to be ultra vires the Enabling or Parent Act when it is found to be in excess of the power conferred by the Enabling or Parent Act If the delegated legislation is beyond the power conferred on the delegated by the Enabling Act, it would be Invalid even if it has been laid before the Legislature. Where an administrative authority Is empowered by the Enabling Act to make by-laws to regulate market and the authority makes by-law which prohibits running of cattle market the by-law will be ultra vires the Enabling Act. In S.T.O. v. Abraham the Act empowered the Government to carry out the purposes of the Act the Government made rule so as to fix the last date for filing the declaration forms by dealers for getting the benefit of concessional rates on inter-State sales. This rule was held to be ultra vires the Enabling Act on the ground that the Act empowered the Government for making rules for prescribing the particulars to be mentione d in the forms and it was not given power to prescribe a time-limit for filling the form. When delegated legislation is in conflict with the Enabling or Parent Act: When the delegated legislation is found to be directly or indirectly in conflict with the provisions of the Enabling Act or Parent Act, it is held to be ultra vires the Enabling or Parent Act. In Delhi Transport Undertaking v. B.R.I. Hajelay, a rule was declared Invalid on the ground that it was in conflict with the provisions of the Enabling or Parent Act, According to Section 92 of the Delhi Corporation Act. 1957, all persons drawing salary less than 350 rupees per month shall be appointed only by general Manager of the Delhi Transport Undertaking. According to Section 95 of the Act, no person can be dismissed by any authority subordinate to the authority who has appointed him. The rules made under the Act empowered the General Manager to delegate all his powers to the Assistant General Manager. The rule was held to be In conflict with the aforesaid provision of the Parent Act. The effect of the rule was that a person appointed by the General Manager could be dismissed by the Ass istant General Manager. i.e. a person could be dismissed by an authority subordinate to the authority who had appointed him while Section 95 of the Act provided that no person can be dismissed by an authority subordinate to the appointing authority. Thus, the rule was in conflict with Section 95 of the Act. Consequently the rule was held to be invalid. When delegated legislation is made by authority exercising its power mala fide: When the subordinate or delegated legislation is made by the administrative authority exercising its power mala fide or with ulterior motive, It is held to be ultra vires and, therefore, invalid. When the delegated legislation is unreasonable and arbitrary: Wwhen the de1egated legislation is found unreasonable and arbitrary, it is declared invalid. In India, in some cases to High Courts express the view that the delegated legislation cannot be challenged on the grounds of unreasonableness. However, the view of the Courts is that the delegated legislation may be challenged on the ground of unreasonableness and arbitrariness. In India doctrine of unreasonableness has been given the solid base of Article 14. The delegated legislation which is unreasonable and arbitrary can be challenged on the ground that it is violative of Article 14. In Air India v. Nargesh Meerza, a regulation provided that an air hostess would retire from the service attaining the age of 35 years or on marriage within 4 years of service or on first pregnancy, whichever occurred earlier. The regulation authorized the Managing Director to extend the age of retirement to 45 years at his option if an air hostess was found medically fit. The Regulation did not contain any guidelines or policy according to which the discretion conferred on the Managing Director was to be exercised. The regulation conferred on the Managing Director was unguided and uncontrolled discretion. The termination of service of an air hostess on pregnancy was unreasonable and arbitrary. The regulation was held to be violative of Article 14 as it was unreasonable and arbitrary. Briefly stated, the principle is that the delegate cannot make a rule which is not authorized by the parent statute. If the subordinate legislative authority keeps within the bunds of the power delegated, the delegated legislation is valid, however, if the authority exceeds the power delegated, then the courts will certainly declare it to be ultra vires. Substantive ultra vires means that the rule making authority has no substantive power under the empowering act to make rules in question. It refers to the scope, extent and range of power conferred by the parent statute to make delegated legisla tion. Briefly stated, the principle is that the delegate cannot make a rule which is not authorized by the parent statute. If the subordinate legislative authority keeps within the scope and bounds of the power delegated, the delegated legislation is valid; but if it fails outside the scope of the power, the courts will declare it invalid. Delegated legislation to be valid must fall within the four corners of the powers conferred by the statute. Declaring a rule in the Karnataka Motor Vehicle Rules, 1963, ultra vires the Motor vehicles act, 1939, as a rule was inconsistent with a section in the act, the Supreme Court declared in State of Karnataka v H. Ganesh Kamath that the rule making power cannot include within its scope the power to make a rule contrary to the provisions of the Act conferring the rule making power. Conferment of a rule making power by an Act does not enable the rule making authority to make a rule which travels beyond the scope of the enabling Act or which i s inconsistent therewith or repugnant thereto. As the Supreme Court has emphasized in State of U.P v Renusagar Power Co., if the exercise of power is in the nature of subordinate legislation, the exercise must conform to the provisions of the statute. All the conditions of the statute must be fulfilled. The doctrine refers to the extent, scope and range of power conferred by the parent act on the concerned authority to make rules. Conferment of rule making power by an Act on an authority does not enable the rule making authority to make a rule which is beyond the scope of the enabling act, or which is inconsistent therewith or repugnant thereto. Substantial Ultra vires Procedural Ultra vires: a Comparison When delegated legislation is In conflict with the procedure prescribed by the Enabling or Parent Act When the delegated legislation is found to be in conflict with the procedure prescribed by the Enabling Act, it is held to be ultra vires the Enabling Act and, therefore, void. If the delegated legislation is made without following the mandatory procedure prescribed by the Enabling or Parent Act, It will be ultra vires the Enabling or Parent Act and, therefore, invalid. It is to be noted that the delegated legislation will be held to be invalid on the ground only if the procedure prescribed by the Act is mandatory. In short, if the procedure required to be complied with in making the delegated legislation is mandatory and it is not complied with, the delegated legislation will be held to be invalid on the ground of procedural ultra vires. If the procedure prescribed by the Enabling Act is not mandatory but directory, its substantial compliance will be sufficient and thus in case of substantial compliance, It will not be invalid. In Raja Buland Sugar Co. v. Rampur Municipality, the U.P. Municipalities Act. 1916 provided that the draft rules must be published in a local Hindi daily. The draft rules were published in a local Urdu Daily. The Court held that what was mandatory was publication of the draft rules in a newspaper. Publication In a Hindi daily was only directory. Consequently, the Court held that the rules could not be held to be ultra vires the Enabling Act merely because they were published In Urdu daily, (instead of a Hindi daily). The publication was made in substantial compliance with the manner provided In the Act. Test of measuring the validity of Rules Rules have to be consistent with the provisions of the parent statute. A rule cannot enlarge the meaning of a statutory provision. A rule has to yield to the statutory provision. If a rule goes beyond what the section in the Act contemplates, the rule has to go. A rule is ultra vires when it goes beyond the authority conferred on the rule making body by the relevant statute. To be valid, a rule must fulfill two conditions, they are: it must conform to the provisions of the statute under which it is framed; and it must also come within the scope and purview of the rule making power of the authority framing the rule. If either of these two conditions is not fulfilled; the rule would be void. To apply the doctrine of ultra vires, the court has first to interpret the statutory provisions to determine the scope of delegation of power, then to interpret the delegated legislation in question and finally, to adjudge whether the same is within, or without, the statutory power conferred. Difficulty in application of the Doctrine of Ultra Vires The efficacy of judicial control of delegated legislation is very much dependant on how broad is the statutory formula conferring power of delegated legislation is very much dependant on how broad is the statutory formula conferring power of delegated legislation on the delegate. Usually, the application of the ultra vires rule becomes very difficult because of three reasons: Powers are usually conferred in broad language. Ordinarily, the Courts interpret the enabling provision rather broadly. The courts adopt a deferential, rather than a critical, attitude towards delegated legislation. In India, the test of reasonableness is applicable to delegated legislation, both on general principles of administrative law as well as under such fundamental rights as are guaranteed under Constitution of India. Exclusion of judicial review Sometimes a clause is inserted in the Enabling or Parent Act for ousting the jurisdiction of the Courts to review the delegated legislation. This is called exclusion clause. Usually such clause contains the words rules made shall have effect as If enacted or Included in the Act Itself or rules made shall not be called in question in any Court. In England. in Institute of Patent Agents v. Lord Herschel expressed the view that such provision excluded the judicial review of the delegated legislation on the ground of ultra vires. However, In a later case, Minister of Health v. King. Lx Paste Yabbe. the view of Lord Herscheli has not been followed. In this case, the Court has held that inspite of the exclusion clause, the delegated legislation can be reviewed by the Court and can be declared invalid If it is found ultra vires the Enabling or Parent Act. Thus, in England, the present position is that Inspite of the exclusion clause, the subordinate or delegated legislation may be challen ged on the ground that they are ultra vires the Enabling Act. In India in a few cases the Supreme Court has adopted the view expressed by Lord Herschel in the case of Institute of Patent Agents v. Lockwood, stated above (the Supreme Court has held that such clause will exclude the Judicial review of the delegated legislation on the ground of ultra vires), but in some other cases, the Supreme Court has held that inspite of such exclusion clause, the delegated legislation can be reviewed by the Court. The present position is that inspite of such exclusion clause. the delegated legislation may be challenged before the Court on the ground that they are ultra vires and the Court can hold the delegated legislation invalid, if it finds them ultra vires. Case Study Implied limits of the Constitution are those laid down in In re Delhi Laws Act case, namely the laying down policy and enacting that policy into a binding rule of conduct. Section 7 of the Delhi Laws Act, 1972 delegated to the provincial government the power to extend to Delhi area with such restriction and modification any law in force in any part of British India. Section 2 of the Ajmer Merwaha (Extension of Laws) Act, 1947 delegated the power to the Government to extend to the province of Ajmer-Merwaha any law in force in any other province with such modification and restriction as it may deem fit any enactment which was in force in any part A state. it also empowered the Govt. to repeal or amend any corresponding law which was applicable to part C state. The legislature cannot delegate its essential legislative power to any other agency and if it so delegates the enabling would be ultra vires of the Constitution. In the said case the Court held that the later part of clause 2 i nvalid because it authorized the administrative agency to repeal a law, which in the opinion of the Court, is an essential legislative action. In Indian Council of Legal Aid and Advice v Bar Council of India the Supreme Court held that: a rule made by BCI barring qualified persons above the age of 45 years from enrollment as advocates, as ultra vires, a sit fell outside the power of BCI conferred by it by the Advocates Act, 1961, Section 49(1). In Additional District Magistrate (Revenue) Delhi Administration v Siri Ram the Delhi Land Revenue Rules 1962 made under the Delhi Land Revenue Act,1954, were declared ultra vires as being contrary to the Parent Act as well as another Act, by making the rules, the rule making authority had exceeded the power conferred on it by the Land Reforms Act 1954. Ajay Kumar Mukherjee v UOI is a case where Supreme Court has said that delegated legislation ultra vires the act by cutting down the breadth of the delegation to bring it in line with the object of the delegation of legislative power. The purpose or object of the conferment of the power must be borne in mind. Conclusion Thus, to draw conclusion it can be said that if the subordinate or delegated legislation goes beyond the scope of authority concerned on the delegate or it is in conflict with the Parent or Enabling Act, it is called substantive ultra vires. The validity of the subordinate or delegated legislation may be challenged before the Courts on this ground. It is a mechanism to curb down the exploitation of power by the administrative authority as we all know that power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. However in this field there is lack of development and there is no substantial change in the concept all though the changing nature of the current legislative method has widen the horizon of the power of the authority by giving them power to act according to the need of the time, even sometimes travelling beyond the restrictions.